GRASS can use various RDBMS (Relational database management system) and embedded databases. SQL (Structured Query Language) queries are directly passed to the underlying database system. The set of supported SQL commands depends on the RDMBS and database driver selected.

## Database drivers

The list of available database drivers can vary in various binary distributions of GRASS:

dbf | DBF files. Data are stored in DBF files. | http://shapelib.maptools.org/dbf_api.html
sqlite | SQLite embedded database (GRASS 7 default DB backend). | http://sqlite.org/
pg | PostgreSQL RDBMS. | http://postgresql.org/
mysql | MySQL RDBMS. | http://mysql.org/
mesql | MySQL embedded database. | http://mysql.org/
odbc | UnixODBC. (PostgreSQL, Oracle, etc.) | http://www.unixodbc.org/

## NOTES

- SQL does not support '.' (dots) in table names.
- Supported table name characters are only:

      [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*

- A table name must start with a character, not a number.
- Text-string matching requires the text part to be 'single quoted'. When run from the command line multiple queries should be contained in "double quotes". e.g.

      d.vect map where="individual='juvenile' and area='beach'"

- An error message such as "`dbmi: Protocol error`" either indicates an invalid column name or an unsupported column type (then the GRASS SQL parser needs to be extended).
- DBF column names are limited to 10 characters (DBF API definition)

## EXAMPLES

Display all vector points except for LAMAR valley and extensive trapping (brackets are superfluous in this example):

    d.vect trapping_sites_points fcol=black icon=basic/diamond col=white size=13 \
        where="valley <> 'LAMAR' OR (valley = 'LAMAR' AND description = 'extensive trapping')"

Select all attributes from table where str1 column values are not 'No Name':

    echo "SELECT * FROM archsites WHERE str1 <> 'No Name'" | db.select

Example of subquery expressions from a list (does not work for DBF driver):

    v.db.select mysites where="id IN ('P04', 'P05')"

Example of pattern matching:

    # field contains string:
    #  for DBF driver:
    v.extract rivers out=rivers_noce where="DES LIKE 'NOCE'"
    #  for SQLite driver:
    v.extract rivers out=rivers_noce where="DES LIKE '%NOCE%'"

    # match exactly number of characters (here: 2), does not work for DBF driver:
    v.db.select mysites where="id LIKE 'P__'"

    #define wildcard:
    v.db.select mysites where="id LIKE 'P%'"

Example of null handling:

    v.db.addcolumn map=roads col="nulltest int"
    v.db.update map=roads col=nulltest value=1 where="cat > 2"
    d.vect roads where="nulltest is null"
    v.db.update map=roads col=nulltest value=2 where="cat <= 2"

Examples of complex expressions in updates (using `v.db.*` modules):

    v.db.addcolumn map=roads col="exprtest double precision"
    v.db.update map=roads col=exprtest value=cat/nulltest
    v.db.update map=roads col=exprtest value=cat/nulltest+cat where=cat=1

Examples of complex expressions in updates (using `db.*` modules):

    echo "UPDATE roads SET exprtest=null"
    echo "UPDATE roads SET exprtest=cat/2" | db.execute
    echo "UPDATE roads SET exprtest=cat/2+cat/3" | db.execute
    echo "UPDATE roads SET exprtest=NULL WHERE cat>2" | db.execute
    echo "UPDATE roads SET exprtest=cat/3*(cat+1) WHERE exprtest IS NULL" | db.execute"

Instead of creating and updating new columns with an expression, you can use the expression directly in a command:

    d.vect roads where="(cat/3*(cat+1))>8"
    d.vect roads where="cat>exprtest"

Example of changing a SQL type (type casting, does not work for DBF driver):

    # North Carolina data set: convert string column to double precision
    #  copy map into current mapset
    g.copy vect=geodetic_pts,mygeodetic_pts
    v.db.addcolumn mygeodetic_pts col="zval double precision"

    # the 'z_value' col contains 'N/A' strings, not to be converted
    v.db.update mygeodetic_pts col=zval \
                qcol="CAST(z_value AS double precision)" \
                where="z_value <> 'N/A'"

Example of concatenating fields (does not work for DBF driver):

    v.db.update vectormap column=column3 qcolumn="column1 || column2"

## SEE ALSO

db.select, db.execute, v.db.select, v.db.update

Database management in GRASS GIS, Help pages for database modules

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