## DESCRIPTION

v.qcount computes six different quadrat count statistics that provide a measure of how much an user defined point pattern departs from a complete spatial random point pattern.

Points are distributed following a complete spatial randomness (CSR) pattern if events are equally likely to occur anywhere within an area. There are two types departure from a CSR: regularity and clustering. Figure 1 gives an example of a complete random, regular and a clustered pattern.

Figure 1: Realization of two-dimensional Poisson processes of 50 points on the unit square exhibiting (a) complete spatial randomness, (b) regularity, and (c) clustering.

Various indices and statistics measure departure from CSR. The v.qcount function implements six different quadrat count indices that are described in Cressie (1991; p. 590-591)[1] and in Ripley (1981; p. 102-106)[2] and summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Indices for Quadrat Count Data. Adapted from Cressie [1], this table shows the statistics computed for the quadrats in Figure 2.

These indices are computed as follows: v.qcount chooses nquadrads circular quadrats of radius radius such that they are completely within the bounds of the current region and no two quadrats overlap. The number of points falling within each quadrat are counted and indices are calculated to estimate the departure of point locations from complete spatial randomness. This is illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Randomly placed quadrats (n = 100) with 584 sample points.

The number of points is written as category to the output map (and not to an attribute table).

## NOTES

This program may not work properly with lat-long data. It uses hypot() in two files: count.c and findquads.c.

## SEE ALSO

v.random, v.distance, v.neighbors, v.perturb

## REFERENCES

General references include:

[1] Noel A. C. Cressie. Statistics for Spatial Data. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1st edition, 1991.

[2] Brian D. Ripley. Spatial Statistics. John Wiley \& Sons, New York, NY, 1981.

References to the indices include:

[3] R. A. Fisher, H. G. Thornton, and W. A. Mackenzie. The accuracy of the plating method of estimating the density of bacterial populations. Annals of Applied Biology, 9:325-359, 1922.

[4] F. N. David and P. G. Moore. Notes on contagious distributions in plant populations. Annals of Botany, 18:47-53, 1954.

[5] J. B. Douglas. Clustering and aggregation. Sankhya B, 37:398-417, 1975.

[6] M. Lloyd. Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecology, 36:1-30, 1967.

[7] M. Morista. Measuring the dispersion and analysis of distribution patterns. Memoires of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series E. Biology, 2:215-235, 1959.

A more detailed background is given in the tutorial:

[8] James Darrell McCauley 1993. Complete Spatial Randomness and Quadrat Methods - GRASS Tutorial on v.qcount

## KNOWN ISSUES

Timestamp not working for header part of counts output. (2000-10-28)

## AUTHORS

James Darrell McCauley
when he was at: Agricultural Engineering Purdue University

Modified for GRASS 5.0 by Eric G. Miller (2000-10-28)
Modified for GRASS 5.7 by R. Blazek (2004-10-14)