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@@ -5,103 +5,97 @@ The module <em>r.stream.order</em> calculates Strahler's and other stream
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hierarchy methods. It is a basic module for topological analysis of
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drainage networks.
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-<h2>OPTIONS</h2>
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+<h2>NOTES</h2>
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-<dl>
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-<dt><b>-z</b></dt>
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-<dd>Creates zero-value background instead of NULL. For some reason
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-(like map algebra calculation) zero-valued background may be
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-required. This flag produces zero-filled background instead of null
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-(default).</dd>
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+The module can work only if <b>direction</b> map, <b>stream_rast</b>
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+map and the computational region have the same settings.
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+It is also required that the <b>stream_rast</b> map and the
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+<b>direction</b> map come from the same source. For lots of reason this
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+limitation probably cannot be omitted. This means if <b>stream_rast</b>
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+map comes from
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+<em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em> also the
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+<b>direction</b> map
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+from <em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em>
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+must be used. If stream network was generated with MFD method also MFD
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+direction map must be used. Nowadays if direction map comes from
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+<em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em> must be
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+patched by direction map
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+from <em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em> (with
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+<em><a href="r.patch.html">r.patch</a></em>).
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-<dt><b>-a</b></dt>
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-<dd>Uses accumulation map instead of cumulated stream length to
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-determine main branch at bifurcation. Works well only with stream
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-network produced with SFD algorithm.</dd>
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-
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-<dt><b>-m</b></dt>
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-<dd>Only for very large data sets. Use segment library to optimise
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-memory consumption during analysis</dd>
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-
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-<dt><b>stream_rast</b></dt>
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-<dd>Stream network: name for input stream network map, produced using either
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-<em>r.watershed</em> or <em>r.stream.extract</em>. Since stream
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-network maps produced by <em>r.watershed</em> and <em>r.stream.extract</em> may
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-slightly differ in detail, it is required to use both stream and direction maps
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-produced by the same module. Non-stream cell values must be set to NULL.</dd>
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-
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-<dt><b>direction</b></dt>
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-<dd>Flow direction: name of input input raster map with flow direction,
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-produced using either <em>r.watershed</em> or <em>r.stream.extract</em>.
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-If <em>r.stream.extract</em> output map is used, it is non-NULL only
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-where streams occur and NULL elsewhere. NULL (nodata) cells are ignored,
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-zero and negative values are valid direction data only if they vary
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-from -8 to 8 (CCW from East in steps of 45 degrees). Flow direction map
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-shall be of integer type (CELL).</dd>
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-
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-<dt><b>accumulation</b></dt>
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-<dd>(optional, not recommended): name for input flow
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-accumulation map produced by <em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em>
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+<p>
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+Input stream network map (<b>stream_rast</b>) may be produced using
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+either
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+<em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em>
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+or <em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em>. Since
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+stream network maps produced
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+by <em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em>
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+and <em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em> may
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+slightly differ in detail, it is required to use both stream and
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+direction maps produced by the same module. Non-stream cell values
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+must be set to NULL.
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+
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+<p>
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+Input <b>direction</b> raster map with flow direction may be produced
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+using either <em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em>
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+or <em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em>.
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+If <em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em>
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+output map is used, it is non-NULL only where streams occur and NULL
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+elsewhere. NULL (nodata) cells are ignored, zero and negative values
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+are valid direction data only if they vary from -8 to 8 (CCW from East
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+in steps of 45 degrees). Flow direction map shall be of integer type
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+(CELL).
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+
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+<p>
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+Optional input flow <b>accumulation</b> map may be produced
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+by <em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em>
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or <em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em>. This
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map is an option only if Horton's or Hack's ordering is
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performed. Normally both Horton and Hack ordering is calculated on
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cumulative stream length which is calculated internally. Flow
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-accumulation can be used if user wants to calculate the main channel
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-as the stream with the highest value of aqccumulation.
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-Flow accumulation map shall be of DCELL type, as
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-is by default produced by r.watershed or converted to DCELL with
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-<em><a href="r.mapcalc.html">r.mapcalc</a></em>.</dd>
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-
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-<dt><b>elevation</b></dt>
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-<dd>Elevation: name for input elevation map. It can be of type CELL, FCELL or
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-DCELL. It is used to calculate geometrical properties of the network
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-stored in the table.</dd>
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-
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-<dt><b>stream_vect</b></dt>
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-<dd>Name for output vector map with stream network. It has a table associated,
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-where stream network topology can be stored. Because
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-<em><a href="r.stream.order.html">r.stream.order</a></em>
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-is prepared to work either with <em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em> or
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-<em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em>, it may
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-be used to create corrected stream vector from
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-<em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em> results.<dd>
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-
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-<dt><b>strahler</b></dt>
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-<dd>Name for output Strahler's stream order raster map.</dd>
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+accumulation can be used if user wants to calculate the main channel
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+as the stream with the highest value of aqccumulation. Flow
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+accumulation map shall be of DCELL type, as is by default produced by
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+<em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em> or converted to
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+DCELL with <em><a href="r.mapcalc.html">r.mapcalc</a></em>.
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-<dt><b>shreve</b></dt>
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-<dd>Name for output Shreve's stream magnitude raster map.</dd>
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-
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-<dt><b>horton</b></dt>
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-<dd>Name for output Horton's stream order raster map (requires flow
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-accumulation map).</dd>
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+<p>
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+If <b>-z</b> is specified than <em>r.stream.order</em> creates
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+zero-value background instead of NULL (no-data). For some reason (like
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+map algebra calculation) zero-valued background may be required.
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-<dt><b>hack</b></dt>
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-<dd>Name for Hack's main streams output raster map.</dd>
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+<p>
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+If <b>-a</b> is specified than <em>r.stream.order</em> uses
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+accumulation raster map instead of cumulated stream length to
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+determine main branch at bifurcation. Works well only with stream
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+network produced with SFD algorithm.
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-<dt><b>topo</b></dt>
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-<dd>Name for topological dimension streams raster map.</dd>
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-</dl>
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+<p>
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+Flag <b>-m</b> force to use segment library to optimise memory
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+consumption during analysis. Recommended only for very large data
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+sets.
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+<p>
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+Input <b>elevation</b> map can be of type CELL, FCELL or DCELL. It is
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+used to calculate geometrical properties of the network stored in the
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+table.
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-<h2>NOTES</h2>
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+<p>
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+Output <b>stream_vect</b> vector map stores stream network. It has a
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+table associated, where stream network topology can be stored. Because
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+<em>r.stream.order</em> is prepared to work either
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+with <em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em> or
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+<em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em>, it may
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+be used to create corrected stream vector from
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+<em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em> results.
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<p>
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-The module can work only if <em>direction</em> map, <em>stream_rast</em>
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-map and the computational region have the same settings.
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-It is also required that the <em>stream_rast</em> map and the
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-<em>direction</em> map come from the same source. For lots of reason this
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-limitation probably cannot be omitted. This means if <em>stream_rast</em>
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-map comes from
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-<em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em> also the
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-<em>direction</em> map
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-from <em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em>
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-must be used. If stream network was generated with MFD method also MFD
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-direction map must be used. Nowadays if direction map comes from
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-<em><a href="r.stream.extract.html">r.stream.extract</a></em> must be
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-patched by direction map
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-from <em><a href="r.watershed.html">r.watershed</a></em>. (with
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-<em><a href="r.patch.html">r.patch</a></em>).
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+<em>r.stream.order</em> may produce various output raster
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+maps <b>strahler</b> (Strahler's stream order raster
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+map), <b>shreve</b> (Shreve's stream magnitude raster
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+map), <b>horton</b> (Horton's stream order raster map - requires flow
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+accumulation map), <b>hack</b> (Hack's main streams output raster
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+map), and <b>topo</b> (topological dimension streams raster map).
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<h3>Stream ordering example</h3>
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<center>
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@@ -201,7 +195,7 @@ in attribute table. To achieve Consisted Associated Integers
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multiplied by 2:
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<div class="code"><pre>
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-r.mapcalc "scheidegger = shreve * 2.0"
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+r.mapcalc expr="scheidegger = shreve * 2.0"
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</pre></div>
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<h4>Drwal's stream hierarchy (old style)</h4>
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@@ -220,7 +214,7 @@ result of Shreve's magnitude is to be recalculated according
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formula: <tt>floor(log(shreve,2))+1</tt>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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-r.mapcalc "drwal = int(log(shreve,2.0)) + 1.0"
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+r.mapcalc expr="drwal = int(log(shreve,2.0)) + 1.0"
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</pre></div>
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<h4>Advantages and disadvantages of Drwal's hierarhy</h4>
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@@ -271,32 +265,32 @@ stream from catchment outlet.
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<h4>Stream network topology table description connected with vector file</h4>
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<ul>
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- <li><b>cat</b> integer: category;
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- <li><b>stream</b>integer: stream number, usually equal to cat;
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- <li><b>next_stream</b> integer: stream to which contribute current
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+ <li><tt>cat</tt> integer: category;
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+ <li><tt>stream</tt>integer: stream number, usually equal to cat;
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+ <li><tt>next_stream</tt> integer: stream to which contribute current
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stream (downstream);
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- <li><b>prev_streams</b>; two or more contributing streams (upstream);
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- <li><b>strahler</b> integer: Strahler's stream order:
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- <li><b>horton</b> integer: Hortons's stream order:
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- <li><b>shreve</b> integer: Shreve's stream magnitude;
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- <li><b>scheidegger</b> integer: Scheidegger's Consisted Associated
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+ <li><tt>prev_streams</tt>; two or more contributing streams (upstream);
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+ <li><tt>strahler</tt> integer: Strahler's stream order:
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+ <li><tt>horton</tt> integer: Hortons's stream order:
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+ <li><tt>shreve</tt> integer: Shreve's stream magnitude;
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+ <li><tt>scheidegger</tt> integer: Scheidegger's Consisted Associated
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Integers;
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- <li><b>drwal</b> integer: Drwal's stream hierarchy;
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- <li><b>hack</b> integer: Hack's main streams or Gravelius order;
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- <li><b>topo</b> integer: Topological dimension streams order;
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- <li><b>length</b> double precision: stream length;
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- <li><b>cum_length</b> double precision: length of stream from source;
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- <li><b>out_dist</b> double precision: distance of current stream init
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+ <li><tt>drwal</tt> integer: Drwal's stream hierarchy;
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+ <li><tt>hack</tt> integer: Hack's main streams or Gravelius order;
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+ <li><tt>topo</tt> integer: Topological dimension streams order;
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+ <li><tt>length</tt> double precision: stream length;
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+ <li><tt>cum_length</tt> double precision: length of stream from source;
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+ <li><tt>out_dist</tt> double precision: distance of current stream init
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from outlet;
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- <li><b>stright</b> double precision: length of stream as stright line;
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- <li><b>sinusiod</b> double precision: fractal dimension: stream
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+ <li><tt>stright</tt> double precision: length of stream as stright line;
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+ <li><tt>sinusiod</tt> double precision: fractal dimension: stream
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length/stright stream length;
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- <li><b>elev_init</b> double precision: elevation of stream init;
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- <li><b>elev_outlet</b> double precision: elevation of stream outlet;
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- <li><b>drop</b> double precision: difference between stream init and
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+ <li><tt>elev_init</tt> double precision: elevation of stream init;
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+ <li><tt>elev_outlet</tt> double precision: elevation of stream outlet;
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+ <li><tt>drop</tt> double precision: difference ttetween stream init and
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outlet + drop outlet;
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- <li><b>out_drop</b> double precision: drop at the outlet of the stream;
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- <li><b>gradient</b> double precision: drop/length;
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+ <li><tt>out_drop</tt> double precision: drop at the outlet of the stream;
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+ <li><tt>gradient</tt> double precision: drop/length;
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</ul>
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<h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
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@@ -317,25 +311,25 @@ r.stream.order stream_rast=streams direction=direction elevation=elevation \
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<h2>REFERENCES</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Drwal, J., (1982), <i>Wyksztalecenie i organizacja sieci hydrograficznej jako
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-podstawa oceny struktury odplywu na terenach m;odoglacjalnych</i>, <b>Rozprawy i
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-monografie</b>, Gdansk 1982, 130 pp (in Polish)
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+podstawa oceny struktury odplywu na terenach m;odoglacjalnych</i>, Rozprawy i
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+monografie, Gdansk 1982, 130 pp (in Polish)
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<li>Hack, J., (1957), <i>Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and
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Maryland</i>,
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-<b>U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper</b>, 294-B
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+U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 294-B
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<li>Horton, R. E. (1945), <i>Erosional development of streams and their drainage
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-basins: hydro-physical approach to quantitative morphology</i>,<b>Geological
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-Society of America Bulletin</b> 56 (3): 275-370<br>
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+basins: hydro-physical approach to quantitative morphology</i>, Geological
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+Society of America Bulletin 56 (3): 275-370<br>
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Scheidegger A. E., (1966), <i>Statistical Description of River Networks</i>.
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-<b>Water Resour. Res.</b>, 2(4): 785-790
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-<li>Shreve, R., (1966),<i>Statistical Law of Stream Numbers</i>, <b>J. Geol.</b>,
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+Water Resour. Res., 2(4): 785-790
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+<li>Shreve, R., (1966),<i>Statistical Law of Stream Numbers</i>, J. Geol.,
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74, 17-37.
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<li>Strahler, A. N. (1952), <i>Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional
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-topology</i>,<b>Geological Society of America Bulletin</b> 63 (11): 1117-1142
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+topology</i>,Geological Society of America Bulletin 63 (11): 1117-1142
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<li>Strahler, A. N. (1957), <i>Quantitative analysis of watershed
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-geomorphology</i>,<b>Transactions of the American Geophysical Union</b> 8 (6):
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+geomorphology</i>, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 8 (6):
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913-920.
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-<li>Woldenberg, M. J., (1967), <i>Geography and properties of surfaces,</i>
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-<b>Harvard Papers in Theoretical Geography</b>, 1: 95-189.
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+<li>Woldenberg, M. J., (1967), <i>Geography and properties of surfaces</i>,
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+Harvard Papers in Theoretical Geography, 1: 95-189.
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</ul>
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<h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
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