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<h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
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-<em>r.texture</em> - Creates map raster with textural features for
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+<em>r.texture</em> creates raster maps with textural features from a
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user-specified raster map layer. The module calculates textural features
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based on spatial dependence matrices at 0, 45, 90, and 135
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degrees for a <em>distance</em> (default = 1).
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@@ -11,17 +11,16 @@ The input is rescaled to 0 to 255 if needed.
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In general, several variables constitute texture: differences in grey level values,
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coarseness as scale of grey level differences, presence or lack of directionality
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and regular patterns.
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-
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<p>
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<em>r.texture</em> reads a GRASS raster map as input and calculates textural
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features based on spatial
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dependence matrices for north-south, east-west, northwest, and southwest
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-directions using a side by side neighborhood (i.e., a distance of 1). Be
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-sure to carefully set your resolution (using
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-<a href="g.region.html">g.region</a>) before running this program, or else your
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-computer could run out of memory. Also, make sure that your raster map has
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-no more than 255 categories. The output consists into four images for each
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-textural feature, one for every direction.</p>
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+directions using a side by side neighborhood (i.e., a distance of 1). The user
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+should be sure to carefully set the resolution (using <em>g.region</em>) before
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+running this program, or the computer may run out of memory.
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+The output consists into four images for each textural feature, one for every
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+direction.
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+
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<p>
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A commonly used texture model is based on the so-called grey level co-occurrence
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matrix. This matrix is a two-dimensional histogram of grey levels
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@@ -78,16 +77,8 @@ The following are brief explanations of texture measures:
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</ul>
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<h2>NOTES</h2>
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-Algorithm taken from:<br>
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-
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-Haralick, R.M., K. Shanmugam, and I. Dinstein. 1973. Textural features for
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- image classification. <em>IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and
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- Cybernetics</em>, SMC-3(6):610-621.
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-<p>The code was taken by permission from <em>pgmtexture</em>, part of
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- PBMPLUS (Copyright 1991, Jef Poskanser and Texas Agricultural Experiment
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- Station, employer for hire of James Darrell McCauley). <br>
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- Man page of <a href="http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pgmtexture.html">pgmtexture</a></p>
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+Importantly, the input raster map cannot have more than 255 categories.
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<h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
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@@ -109,36 +100,43 @@ d.shadedmap drape=ortho_texture_ASM_0 rel=ortho_2001_t792_1m
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This calculates four maps (requested texture at four orientations):
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ortho_texture_ASM_0, ortho_texture_ASM_45, ortho_texture_ASM_90, ortho_texture_ASM_135.
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-
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<h2>BUGS</h2>
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The program can run incredibly slow for large raster maps.
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<h2>REFERENCES</h2>
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-<b>Haralick, R.M., K. Shanmugam, and I. Dinstein</b> (1973). Textural features for
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- image classification. <em>IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and
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- Cybernetics</em>, SMC-3(6):610-621.
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-<p>
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-<b>Bouman, C. A., Shapiro, M.</b>,(March
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- 1994).A Multiscale Random Field Model for Bayesian Image
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- Segmentation, IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol. 3, no.2.
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-<p>
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-<b>Haralick, R.</b>, (May 1979). <i>Statistical and structural approaches to texture</i>,
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- Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 67, No.5, pp. 786-804</p>
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+
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+The algorithm was implemented after Haralick et al., 1973.
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+
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<p>
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-<b>Hall-Beyer, M.</b> (2007). <a href="http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/mhallbey/tutorial.htm">The GLCM Tutorial Home Page</a>
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+The code was taken by permission from <em>pgmtexture</em>, part of
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+PBMPLUS (Copyright 1991, Jef Poskanser and Texas Agricultural Experiment
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+Station, employer for hire of James Darrell McCauley). <br>
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+Manual page of <a href="http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pgmtexture.html">pgmtexture</a></p>
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+
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+<ul>
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+<li>Haralick, R.M., K. Shanmugam, and I. Dinstein (1973). Textural features for
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+ image classification. <em>IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and
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+ Cybernetics</em>, SMC-3(6):610-621.</li>
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+<li>Bouman, C. A., Shapiro, M. (1994). A Multiscale Random Field Model for
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+ Bayesian Image Segmentation, IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol. 3, no. 2.</li>
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+<li>Haralick, R. (May 1979). <i>Statistical and structural approaches to texture</i>,
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+ Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 67, No.5, pp. 786-804</li>
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+<li>Hall-Beyer, M. (2007). <a href="http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/mhallbey/tutorial.htm">The GLCM Tutorial Home Page</a>
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(Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix texture measurements). University of Calgary, Canada
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-
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+</ul>
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+
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<h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
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-<em><a href="i.smap.html">i.smap</a></em>,
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-<em><a href="i.gensigset.html">i.gensigset</a></em>,
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-<em><a href="i.pca.html">i.pca</a></em>,
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-<em><a href="r.digit.html">r.digit</a></em>,
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-<em><a href="i.group.html">i.group</a></em>
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+<em>
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+<a href="i.smap.html">i.smap</a>,
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+<a href="i.gensigset.html">i.gensigset</a>,
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+<a href="i.pca.html">i.pca</a>,
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+<a href="r.rescale.html">r.rescale</a>
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+</em>
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-<h2>AUTHOR</h2>
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+<h2>AUTHORS</h2>
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<a href="mailto:antoniol@ieee.org">G. Antoniol</a> - RCOST (Research Centre on Software Technology - Viale Traiano - 82100 Benevento)<br>
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-<a href="mailto:basco@unisannio.it">C. Basco</a> - RCOST (Research Centre on Software Technology - Viale Traiano - 82100 Benevento)<br>
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-<a href="mailto:ceccarelli@unisannio.it">M. Ceccarelli</a> - Facolta di Scienze, Universita del Sannio, Benevento
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+C. Basco - RCOST (Research Centre on Software Technology - Viale Traiano - 82100 Benevento)<br>
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+M. Ceccarelli - Facolta di Scienze, Universita del Sannio, Benevento
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-<p><i>Last changed: $Date$</i></p>
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+<p><i>Last changed: $Date$</i>
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