Geografic-Information-System/lib/python/pygrass/vector/geometry.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Wed Jul 18 10:46:25 2012

@author: pietro

"""
import ctypes
import re

import numpy as np

import grass.lib.gis as libgis
import grass.lib.vector as libvect

from grass.pygrass.errors import GrassError

from basic import Ilist, Bbox, Cats
import sql


WKT = {'POINT\((.*)\)': 'point',  # 'POINT\(\s*([+-]*\d+\.*\d*)+\s*\)'
       'LINESTRING\((.*)\)': 'line'}


def read_WKT(string):
    """Read the string and return a geometry object

    WKT:
    POINT(0 0)
    LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,1 2)
    POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0),(1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 2,1 1))
    MULTIPOINT(0 0,1 2)
    MULTILINESTRING((0 0,1 1,1 2),(2 3,3 2,5 4))
    MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0),(1 1,2 1,2 2,1 2,1 1)),
                 ((-1 -1,-1 -2,-2 -2,-2 -1,-1 -1)))
    GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(2 3),LINESTRING(2 3,3 4))


    EWKT:
    POINT(0 0 0) -- XYZ
    SRID=32632;POINT(0 0) -- XY with SRID
    POINTM(0 0 0) -- XYM
    POINT(0 0 0 0) -- XYZM
    SRID=4326;MULTIPOINTM(0 0 0,1 2 1) -- XYM with SRID
    MULTILINESTRING((0 0 0,1 1 0,1 2 1),(2 3 1,3 2 1,5 4 1))
    POLYGON((0 0 0,4 0 0,4 4 0,0 4 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2 0,1 2 0,1 1 0))
    MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0 0,4 0 0,4 4 0,0 4 0,0 0 0),
                  (1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2 0,1 2 0,1 1 0)),
                 ((-1 -1 0,-1 -2 0,-2 -2 0,-2 -1 0,-1 -1 0)))
    GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONM( POINTM(2 3 9), LINESTRINGM(2 3 4, 3 4 5) )
    MULTICURVE( (0 0, 5 5), CIRCULARSTRING(4 0, 4 4, 8 4) )
    POLYHEDRALSURFACE( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),
                       ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)),
                       ((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)),
                       ((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),
                       ((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),
                       ((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) )
    TRIANGLE ((0 0, 0 9, 9 0, 0 0))
    TIN( ((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)), ((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 0 0 0)) )

    """
    for regexp, obj in WKT.items():
        if re.match(regexp, string):
            geo = 10
            return obj(geo)


def read_WKB(buff):
    """Read the binary buffer and return a geometry object"""
    pass


def intersects(lineA, lineB, with_z=False):
    """Return a list of points ::

        >>> lineA = Line([(0, 0), (4, 0)])
        >>> lineB = Line([(2, 2), (2, -2)])
        >>> intersects(lineA, lineB)
        Line([Point(2.000000, 0.000000)])
    """
    line = Line()
    if libvect.Vect_line_get_intersections(lineA.c_points, lineB.c_points,
                                           line.c_points, int(with_z)):
        return line
    else:
        return []

#=============================================
# GEOMETRY
#=============================================


def get_xyz(pnt):
    """Return a tuple with: x, y, z. ::

        >>> pnt = Point(0, 0)
        >>> get_xyz(pnt)
        (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
        >>> get_xyz((1, 1))
        (1, 1, 0.0)
        >>> get_xyz((1, 1, 2))
        (1, 1, 2)
        >>> get_xyz((1, 1, 2, 2))                          #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
        Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
        ValueError: The the format of the point is not supported: (1, 1, 2, 2)

    ..
    """
    if isinstance(pnt, Point):
        if pnt.is2D:
            x, y = pnt.x, pnt.y
            z = 0.
        else:
            x, y, z = pnt.x, pnt.y, pnt.z
    else:
        if len(pnt) == 2:
            x, y = pnt
            z = 0.
        elif len(pnt) == 3:
            x, y, z = pnt
        else:
            str_error = "The the format of the point is not supported: {0!r}"
            raise ValueError(str_error.format(pnt))
    return x, y, z


class Attrs(object):
    def __init__(self, cat, table, writable=False):
        self.cat = cat
        self.table = table
        self.cond = "%s=%d" % (self.table.key, self.cat)
        self.writable = writable

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        """Return the value stored in the attribute table. ::

            >>> from grass.pygrass.vector import VectorTopo
            >>> schools = VectorTopo('schools')
            >>> schools.open('r')
            >>> school = schools[1]
            >>> attrs = Attrs(school.cat, schools.table)
            >>> attrs['TAG']
            u'568'


        """
        #SELECT {cols} FROM {tname} WHERE {condition};
        cur = self.table.execute(sql.SELECT_WHERE.format(cols=key,
                                                         tname=self.table.name,
                                                         condition=self.cond))
        results = cur.fetchone()
        return results[0]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        """Set value of a given column of a table attribute. ::

            >>> from grass.pygrass.vector import VectorTopo
            >>> from grass.pygrass.functions import copy
            >>> copy('schools', 'schools', 'vect')
            >>> schools = VectorTopo('schools')
            >>> schools.open('r')
            >>> school = schools[1]
            >>> attrs = Attrs(school.line, schools.table)
            >>> attrs['TAG'] = 'New Label'
            >>> attrs['TAG']
            'New Label'
        """
        if self.writable:
            #UPDATE {tname} SET {new_col} = {old_col} WHERE {condition}
            values = '%s=%r' % (key, value)
            self.table.execute(sql.UPDATE_WHERE.format(tname=self.table.name,
                                                       values=values,
                                                       condition=self.cond))
            #self.table.conn.commit()
        else:
            str_err = "You can only read the attributes if the map is \
in another mapset"
            raise GrassError(str_err)

    def __dict__(self):
        """Reurn a dict of the attribute table row."""
        dic = {}
        for key, val in zip(self.keys(), self.values()):
            dic[key] = val
        return dic

    def values(self):
        """Return the values of the attribute table row."""
        #SELECT {cols} FROM {tname} WHERE {condition}
        cur = self.table.execute(sql.SELECT_WHERE.format(cols='*',
                                                         tname=self.table.name,
                                                         condition=self.cond))
        return cur.fetchone()

    def keys(self):
        """Return the column name of the attribute table."""
        return self.table.columns.names()

    def commit(self):
        """Save the changes"""
        self.table.conn.commit()


class Geo(object):
    """
    >>> geo0 = Geo()
    >>> points = ctypes.pointer(libvect.line_pnts())
    >>> cats = ctypes.pointer(libvect.line_cats())
    >>> geo1 = Geo(c_points=points, c_cats=cats)
    """
    def __init__(self, v_id=None, c_mapinfo=None, c_points=None, c_cats=None,
                 table=None, writable=False, is2D=True):
        self.id = v_id  # vector id
        self.cat = self.id
        self.c_mapinfo = c_mapinfo
        self.is2D = is2D
        self.gtype = None

        # set c_points
        if c_points is None:
            self.c_points = ctypes.pointer(libvect.line_pnts())
        else:
            self.c_points = c_points

        # set c_cats
        if c_cats is None:
            self.c_cats = ctypes.pointer(libvect.line_cats())
        else:
            self.c_cats = c_cats

        # set the attributes
        self.attrs = None
        if table is not None and self.cat:
            self.attrs = Attrs(self.cat, table, writable)

    def is_with_topology(self):
        if self.c_mapinfo is not None:
            return self.c_mapinfo.contents.level == 2
        else:
            return False

    def read(self):
        """Read and set the coordinates of the centroid from the vector map,
        using the centroid_id and calling the Vect_read_line C function"""
        libvect.Vect_read_line(self.c_mapinfo, self.c_points,
                               self.c_cats, self.id)


class Point(Geo):
    """Instantiate a Point object that could be 2 or 3D, default
    parameters are 0.

    ::

        >>> pnt = Point()
        >>> pnt.x
        0.0
        >>> pnt.y
        0.0
        >>> pnt.z
        >>> pnt.is2D
        True
        >>> pnt
        Point(0.000000, 0.000000)
        >>> pnt.z = 0
        >>> pnt.is2D
        False
        >>> pnt
        Point(0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000)
        >>> print pnt
        POINT(0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000)

    ..
    """
    def __init__(self, x=0, y=0, z=None, **kargs):
        super(Point, self).__init__(**kargs)
        if self.id is not None:
            self.read()
        else:
            self.is2D = True if z is None else False
            z = z if z is not None else 0
            libvect.Vect_append_point(self.c_points, x, y, z)

        # geometry type
        self.gtype = libvect.GV_POINT

    def _get_x(self):
        return self.c_points.contents.x[0]

    def _set_x(self, value):
        self.c_points.contents.x[0] = value

    x = property(fget=_get_x, fset=_set_x)

    def _get_y(self):
        return self.c_points.contents.y[0]

    def _set_y(self, value):
        self.c_points.contents.y[0] = value

    y = property(fget=_get_y, fset=_set_y)

    def _get_z(self):
        if self.is2D:
            return None
        return self.c_points.contents.z[0]

    def _set_z(self, value):
        if value is None:
            self.is2D = True
            self.c_points.contents.z[0] = 0
        else:
            self.c_points.contents.z[0] = value
            self.is2D = False

    z = property(fget=_get_z, fset=_set_z)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.get_wkt()

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Point(%s)" % ', '.join(['%f' % coor for coor in self.coords()])

    def __eq__(self, pnt):
        if isinstance(pnt, Point):
            return pnt.coords() == self.coords()

        return Point(*pnt).coords() == self.coords()

    def coords(self):
        """Return a tuple with the point coordinates. ::

            >>> pnt = Point(10, 100)
            >>> pnt.coords()
            (10.0, 100.0)

        If the point is 2D return a x, y tuple. But if we change the ``z``
        the Point object become a 3D point, therefore the method return a
        x, y, z tuple. ::

            >>> pnt.z = 1000.
            >>> pnt.coords()
            (10.0, 100.0, 1000.0)

        ..
        """
        if self.is2D:
            return self.x, self.y
        else:
            return self.x, self.y, self.z

    def get_wkt(self):
        """Return a "well know text" (WKT) geometry string. ::

            >>> pnt = Point(10, 100)
            >>> pnt.get_wkt()
            'POINT(10.000000, 100.000000)'

        .. warning::

            Only ``POINT`` (2/3D) are supported, ``POINTM`` and ``POINT`` with:
            ``XYZM`` are not supported yet.
        """
        return "POINT(%s)" % ', '.join(['%f' % coord
                                        for coord in self.coords()])

    def get_wkb(self):
        """Return a "well know binary" (WKB) geometry buffer

        .. warning::

            Not implemented yet.

        """
        pass

    def distance(self, pnt):
        """Calculate distance of 2 points, using the Vect_points_distance
        C function, If one of the point have z == None, return the 2D distance.
        ::

            >>> pnt0 = Point(0, 0, 0)
            >>> pnt1 = Point(1, 0)
            >>> pnt0.distance(pnt1)
            1.0
            >>> pnt1.z = 1
            >>> pnt1
            Point(1.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000)
            >>> pnt0.distance(pnt1)
            1.4142135623730951

        The distance method require a :class:Point or a tuple with
        the coordinates.
        """
        if self.is2D or pnt.is2D:
            return libvect.Vect_points_distance(self.x, self.y, 0,
                                                pnt.x, pnt.y, 0, 0)
        else:
            return libvect.Vect_points_distance(self.x, self.y, self.z,
                                                pnt.x, pnt.y, pnt.z, 1)

    def buffer(self, dist=None, dist_x=None, dist_y=None, angle=0,
               round_=True, tol=0.1):
        """Return the buffer area around the point, using the
        ``Vect_point_buffer2`` C function.

        Parameters
        ----------
        dist : numeric
            The distance around the line.
        dist_x: numeric, optional
            The distance along x
        dist_y: numeric, optional
            The distance along y
        angle: numeric, optional
            The angle between 0x and major axis
        round_: bool, optional
            To make corners round
        tol: float, optional
            Fix the maximum distance between theoretical arc
            and output segments

        Returns
        -------
        buffer : Area
            The buffer area around the line.

        Example
        ---------

        ::
            >>> pnt = Point(0, 0)
            >>> area = point.buffer(10)
            >>> area.boundary                              #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
            Line([Point(-10.000000, 0.000000),...Point(-10.000000, 0.000000)])
            >>> area.centroid
            Point(0.000000, 0.000000)
            >>> area.isles
            []

        """
        if dist is not None:
            dist_x = dist
            dist_y = dist
        elif not dist_x or not dist_y:
            raise TypeError('TypeError: buffer expected 1 arguments, got 0')
        bound = Line()
        p_points = ctypes.pointer(bound.c_points)
        libvect.Vect_point_buffer2(self.x, self.y,
                                   dist_x, dist_y,
                                   angle, int(round_), tol,
                                   p_points)
        return Area(boundary=bound, centroid=self)


class Line(Geo):
    """Instantiate a new Line with a list of tuple, or with a list of Point. ::

        >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0), (1, -1)])
        >>> line                               #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
        Line([Point(0.000000, 0.000000),
              Point(1.000000, 1.000000),
              Point(2.000000, 0.000000),
              Point(1.000000, -1.000000)])

    ..
    """
    def __init__(self, points=None, **kargs):
        super(Line, self).__init__(**kargs)
        if points is not None:
            for pnt in points:
                self.append(pnt)

        # geometry type
        self.gtype = libvect.GV_LINE

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        """Get line point of given index,  slice allowed. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)])
            >>> line[1]
            Point(1.000000, 1.000000)
            >>> line[-1]
            Point(3.000000, 3.000000)
            >>> line[:2]
            [Point(0.000000, 0.000000), Point(1.000000, 1.000000)]

        ..
        """
        #TODO:
        # line[0].x = 10 is not working
        #pnt.c_px = ctypes.pointer(self.c_points.contents.x[indx])
        # pnt.c_px = ctypes.cast(id(self.c_points.contents.x[indx]),
        # ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_double))
        if isinstance(key, slice):
            #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
            #Get the start, stop, and step from the slice
            return [Point(self.c_points.contents.x[indx],
                          self.c_points.contents.y[indx],
                    None if self.is2D else self.c_points.contents.z[indx])
                    for indx in xrange(*key.indices(len(self)))]
        elif isinstance(key, int):
            if key < 0:  # Handle negative indices
                key += self.c_points.contents.n_points
            if key >= self.c_points.contents.n_points:
                raise IndexError('Index out of range')
            return Point(self.c_points.contents.x[key],
                         self.c_points.contents.y[key],
                         None if self.is2D else self.c_points.contents.z[key])
        else:
            raise ValueError("Invalid argument type: %r." % key)

    def __setitem__(self, indx, pnt):
        """Change the coordinate of point. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1)])
            >>> line[0] = (2, 2)
            >>> line
            Line([Point(2.000000, 2.000000), Point(1.000000, 1.000000)])

        ..
        """
        x, y, z = get_xyz(pnt)
        self.c_points.contents.x[indx] = x
        self.c_points.contents.y[indx] = y
        self.c_points.contents.z[indx] = z

    def __iter__(self):
        """Return a Point generator of the Line"""
        return (self.__getitem__(i) for i in range(self.__len__()))

    def __len__(self):
        """Return the number of points of the line."""
        return self.c_points.contents.n_points

    def __str__(self):
        return self.get_wkt()

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Line([%s])" % ', '.join([repr(pnt) for pnt in self.__iter__()])

    def get_pnt(self, distance, angle=0, slope=0):
        """Return a Point object on line in the specified distance, using the
        `Vect_point_on_line` C function.
        Raise a ValueError If the distance exceed the Line length. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1)])
            >>> line.get_pnt(5)      #doctest: +ELLIPSIS +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
            Traceback (most recent call last):
                ...
            ValueError: The distance exceed the lenght of the line,
            that is: 1.414214
            >>> line.get_pnt(1)
            Point(0.707107, 0.707107)

        ..
        """
        # instantiate an empty Point object
        maxdist = self.length()
        if distance > maxdist:
            str_err = "The distance exceed the lenght of the line, that is: %f"
            raise ValueError(str_err % maxdist)
        pnt = Point(0, 0, -9999)
        libvect.Vect_point_on_line(self.c_points, distance,
                                   pnt.c_points.contents.x,
                                   pnt.c_points.contents.y,
                                   pnt.c_points.contents.z,
                                   angle, slope)
        pnt.is2D = self.is2D
        return pnt

    def append(self, pnt):
        """Appends one point to the end of a line, using the
        ``Vect_append_point`` C function. ::

            >>> line = Line()
            >>> line.append((10, 100))
            >>> line
            Line([Point(10.000000, 100.000000)])
            >>> line.append((20, 200))
            >>> line
            Line([Point(10.000000, 100.000000), Point(20.000000, 200.000000)])

        Like python list.
        """
        x, y, z = get_xyz(pnt)
        libvect.Vect_append_point(self.c_points, x, y, z)

    def bbox(self):
        """Return the bounding box of the line, using ``Vect_line_box``
        C function. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (0, 1), (2, 1), (2, 0)])
            >>> bbox = line.bbox()
            >>> bbox
            Bbox(1.0, 0.0, 2.0, 0.0)

        ..
        """
        bbox = Bbox()
        libvect.Vect_line_box(self.c_points, bbox.c_bbox)
        return bbox

    def extend(self, line, forward=True):
        """Appends points to the end of a line.

        It is possible to extend a line, give a list of points, or directly
        with a line_pnts struct.

        If forward is True the line is extend forward otherwise is extend
        backward. The method use the `Vect_append_points` C function. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1)])
            >>> line.extend( Line([(2, 2), (3, 3)]) )
            >>> line                           #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
            Line([Point(0.000000, 0.000000),
                  Point(1.000000, 1.000000),
                  Point(2.000000, 2.000000),
                  Point(3.000000, 3.000000)])

        Like python list, it is possible to extend a line, with another line
        or with a list of points.
        """
        # set direction
        if forward:
            direction = libvect.GV_FORWARD
        else:
            direction = libvect.GV_BACKWARD
        # check if is a Line object
        if isinstance(line, Line):
            c_points = line.c_points
        else:
            # instantiate a Line object
            lin = Line()
            for pnt in line:
                # add the points to the line
                lin.append(pnt)
            c_points = lin.c_points

        libvect.Vect_append_points(self.c_points, c_points, direction)

    def insert(self, indx, pnt):
        """Insert new point at index position and move all old points at
        that position and above up, using ``Vect_line_insert_point``
        C function. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1)])
            >>> line.insert(0, Point(1.000000, -1.000000) )
            >>> line                           #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
            Line([Point(1.000000, -1.000000),
                  Point(0.000000, 0.000000),
                  Point(1.000000, 1.000000)])

        ..
        """
        if indx < 0:  # Handle negative indices
            indx += self.c_points.contents.n_points
        if indx >= self.c_points.contents.n_points:
            raise IndexError('Index out of range')
        x, y, z = get_xyz(pnt)
        libvect.Vect_line_insert_point(self.c_points, indx, x, y, z)

    def length(self):
        """Calculate line length, 3D-length in case of 3D vector line, using
        `Vect_line_length` C function.  ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])
            >>> line.length()
            2.414213562373095

        ..
        """
        return libvect.Vect_line_length(self.c_points)

    def length_geodesic(self):
        """Calculate line length, usig `Vect_line_geodesic_length` C function.
        ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])
            >>> line.length_geodesic()
            2.414213562373095

        ..
        """
        return libvect.Vect_line_geodesic_length(self.c_points)

    def distance(self, pnt):
        """Return a tuple with:

            * the closest point on the line,
            * the distance between these two points,
            * distance of point from segment beginning
            * distance of point from line

        The distance is compute using the ``Vect_line_distance`` C function.

        Example
        ---------

        ::
            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (0, 2)])
            >>> line.distance(Point(1, 1))
            (Point(0.000000, 1.000000), 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)

        ..
        """
        # instantite outputs
        cx = ctypes.c_double(0)
        cy = ctypes.c_double(0)
        cz = ctypes.c_double(0)
        dist = ctypes.c_double(0)
        sp_dist = ctypes.c_double(0)
        lp_dist = ctypes.c_double(0)

        libvect.Vect_line_distance(self.c_points,
                                   pnt.x, pnt.y, 0 if pnt.is2D else pnt.z,
                                   0 if self.is2D else 1,
                                   ctypes.byref(cx), ctypes.byref(cy),
                                   ctypes.byref(cz), ctypes.byref(dist),
                                   ctypes.byref(sp_dist),
                                   ctypes.byref(lp_dist))
        # instantiate the Point class
        point = Point(cx.value, cy.value, cz.value)
        point.is2D = self.is2D
        return point, dist.value, sp_dist.value, lp_dist.value

    def get_first_cat(self):
        """Fetches FIRST category number for given vector line and field, using
        the ``Vect_get_line_cat`` C function.

        .. warning::

            Not implemented yet.
        """
        # TODO: add this method.
        libvect.Vect_get_line_cat(self.map, self.id, self.field)
        pass

    def pop(self, indx):
        """Return the point in the index position and remove from the Line. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
            >>> midle_pnt = line.pop(1)
            >>> midle_pnt
            Point(1.000000, 1.000000)
            >>> line
            Line([Point(0.000000, 0.000000), Point(2.000000, 2.000000)])

        ..
        """
        if indx < 0:  # Handle negative indices
            indx += self.c_points.contents.n_points
        if indx >= self.c_points.contents.n_points:
            raise IndexError('Index out of range')
        pnt = self.__getitem__(indx)
        libvect.Vect_line_delete_point(self.c_points, indx)
        return pnt

    def delete(self, indx):
        """Remove the point in the index position. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
            >>> line.delete(-1)
            >>> line
            Line([Point(0.000000, 0.000000), Point(1.000000, 1.000000)])

        ..
        """
        if indx < 0:  # Handle negative indices
            indx += self.c_points.contents.n_points
        if indx >= self.c_points.contents.n_points:
            raise IndexError('Index out of range')
        libvect.Vect_line_delete_point(self.c_points, indx)

    def prune(self):
        """Remove duplicate points, i.e. zero length segments, using
        `Vect_line_prune` C function. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
            >>> line.prune()
            >>> line                           #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
            Line([Point(0.000000, 0.000000),
                  Point(1.000000, 1.000000),
                  Point(2.000000, 2.000000)])

        ..
        """
        libvect.Vect_line_prune(self.c_points)

    def prune_thresh(self, threshold):
        """Remove points in threshold, using the ``Vect_line_prune_thresh``
        C funtion. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1.0, 1.0), (1.2, 0.9), (2, 2)])
            >>> line.prune_thresh(0.5)
            >>> line                     #doctest: +SKIP +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
            Line([Point(0.000000, 0.000000),
                  Point(1.000000, 1.000000),
                  Point(2.000000, 2.000000)])

        .. warning ::

            prune_thresh is not working yet.
        """
        libvect.Vect_line_prune(self.c_points, ctypes.c_double(threshold))

    def remove(self, pnt):
        """Delete point at given index and move all points above down, using
        `Vect_line_delete_point` C function. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
            >>> line.remove((2, 2))
            >>> line[-1]
            Point(1.000000, 1.000000)

        ..
        """
        for indx, point in enumerate(self.__iter__()):
            if pnt == point:
                libvect.Vect_line_delete_point(self.c_points, indx)
                return
        raise ValueError('list.remove(x): x not in list')

    def reverse(self):
        """Reverse the order of vertices, using `Vect_line_reverse`
        C function. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
            >>> line.reverse()
            >>> line                           #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
            Line([Point(2.000000, 2.000000),
                  Point(1.000000, 1.000000),
                  Point(0.000000, 0.000000)])

        ..
        """
        libvect.Vect_line_reverse(self.c_points)

    def segment(self, start, end):
        """Create line segment. using the ``Vect_line_segment`` C function."""
        line = Line()
        libvect.Vect_line_segment(self.c_points, start, end, line.c_points)
        return line

    def tolist(self):
        """Return a list of tuple. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0), (1, -1)])
            >>> line.tolist()
            [(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0), (2.0, 0.0), (1.0, -1.0)]

        ..
        """
        return [pnt.coords() for pnt in self.__iter__()]

    def toarray(self):
        """Return an array of coordinates. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0), (1, -1)])
            >>> line.toarray()                 #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
            array([[ 0.,  0.],
                   [ 1.,  1.],
                   [ 2.,  0.],
                   [ 1., -1.]])

        ..
        """
        return np.array(self.tolist())

    def get_wkt(self):
        """Return a Well Known Text string of the line. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2)])
            >>> line.get_wkt()                 #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
            'LINESTRING(0.000000 0.000000, ..., 1.000000 2.000000)'

        ..
        """
        return "LINESTRING(%s)" % ', '.join([
               ' '.join(['%f' % coord for coord in pnt.coords()])
               for pnt in self.__iter__()])

    def from_wkt(self, wkt):
        """Read a WKT string. ::

            >>> line = Line()
            >>> line.from_wkt("LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,1 2)")
            >>> line                           #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
            Line([Point(0.000000, 0.000000),
                  Point(1.000000, 1.000000),
                  Point(1.000000, 2.000000)])

        ..
        """
        match = re.match('LINESTRING\((.*)\)', wkt)
        if match:
            self.reset()
            for coord in match.groups()[0].strip().split(','):
                self.append(tuple([float(e) for e in coord.split(' ')]))
        else:
            return None

    def get_wkb(self):
        """Return a WKB buffer.

        .. warning::

            Not implemented yet.
        """
        pass

    def buffer(self, dist=None, dist_x=None, dist_y=None,
               angle=0, round_=True, caps=True, tol=0.1):
        """Return the buffer area around the line, using the
        ``Vect_line_buffer2`` C function.

        Parameters
        ----------
        dist : numeric
            The distance around the line.
        dist_x: numeric, optional
            The distance along x
        dist_y: numeric, optional
            The distance along y
        angle: numeric, optional
            The angle between 0x and major axis
        round_: bool, optional
            To make corners round
        caps: bool, optional
            To add caps at line ends
        tol: float, optional
            Fix the maximum distance between theoretical arc
            and output segments

        Returns
        -------
        buffer : Area
            The buffer area around the line.

        Example
        ---------

        ::
            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (0, 2)])
            >>> area = line.buffer(10)
            >>> area.boundary                              #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
            Line([Point(-10.000000, 0.000000),...Point(-10.000000, 0.000000)])
            >>> area.centroid
            Point(0.000000, 0.000000)
            >>> area.isles
            []

        ..
        """
        if dist is not None:
            dist_x = dist
            dist_y = dist
        elif not dist_x or not dist_y:
            raise TypeError('TypeError: buffer expected 1 arguments, got 0')
        p_bound = ctypes.pointer(ctypes.pointer(libvect.line_pnts()))
        pp_isle = ctypes.pointer(ctypes.pointer(
                                 ctypes.pointer(libvect.line_pnts())))
        n_isles = ctypes.pointer(ctypes.c_int())
        libvect.Vect_line_buffer2(self.c_points,
                                  dist_x, dist_y, angle,
                                  int(round_), int(caps), tol,
                                  p_bound, pp_isle, n_isles)
        return Area(boundary=Line(c_points=p_bound.contents),
                    centroid=self[0],
                    isles=[Line(c_points=pp_isle[i].contents)
                           for i in xrange(n_isles.contents.value)])

    def reset(self):
        """Reset line, using `Vect_reset_line` C function. ::

            >>> line = Line([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0), (1, -1)])
            >>> len(line)
            4
            >>> line.reset()
            >>> len(line)
            0
            >>> line
            Line([])

        ..
        """
        libvect.Vect_reset_line(self.c_points)


class Node(object):
    pass

class Boundary(Line):
    """
    """
    def __init__(self, area_id=None, lines=None, left=None, right=None,
                 **kargs):
        super(Boundary, self).__init__(**kargs)
        self.area_id = area_id
        self.ilist = Ilist()
        self.lines = lines
        if lines:
            if len(lines) != len(left) or len(lines) != len(right):
                str_err = "Left and right must have the same length of lines"
                raise ValueError(str_err)
        self.left = Ilist()
        self.right = Ilist()
        # geometry type
        self.gtype = libvect.GV_BOUNDARY

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Boundary(v_id=%r)" % self.id

    def boundaries(self):
        """Returna Ilist object with the line id"""
        bounds = Ilist()
        libvect.Vect_get_area_boundaries(self.c_mapinfo, self.area_id,
                                         bounds.c_ilist)
        return bounds

    def get_left_right(self):
        """Return left and right value"""
        left = ctypes.poiter(ctypes.c_int())
        right = ctypes.poiter(ctypes.c_int())
        libvect.Vect_get_line_areas(self.c_mapinfo, self.id,
                                    left, right)
        return left.contents.value, right.contents.value

    def area(self):
        """Return the area of the polygon.
        ::
            >>> bound = Boundary([(0, 0), (0, 2), (2, 2), (2, 0), (0, 0)])
            >>> bound.area()
            4

        .."""
        libgis.G_begin_polygon_area_calculations()
        return libgis.G_area_of_polygon(self.c_points.contents.x,
                                        self.c_points.contents.y,
                                        self.c_points.contents.n_points)


class Centroid(Point):
    """The Centroid class inherit from the Point class.
    Centroid contains an attribute with the C Map_info struct, and attributes
    with the id of the Area. ::

        >>> centroid = Centroid(x=0, y=10)
        >>> centroid
        Centoid(0.000000, 10.000000)
        >>> from grass.pygrass.vector import VectorTopo
        >>> geo = VectorTopo('geology')
        >>> geo.open()
        >>> centroid = Centroid(v_id=1, c_mapinfo=mun.c_mapinfo)
        >>> centroid
        Centoid(893202.874416, 297339.312795)

        ..
        """
    def __init__(self, area_id=None, **kargs):
        super(Centroid, self).__init__(**kargs)
        self.area_id = area_id
        if self.id and self.c_mapinfo and self.area_id is None:
            self.area_id = self.get_area_id()
        elif self.c_mapinfo and self.area_id and self.id is None:
            self.id = self.get_centroid_id()
        if self.area_id is not None:
            self.read()

        # geometry type
        self.gtype = libvect.GV_CENTROID
        #self.c_pline = ctypes.pointer(libvect.P_line()) if topology else None

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Centoid(%s)" % ', '.join(['%f' % co for co in self.coords()])

    def get_centroid_id(self):
        """Return the centroid_id, using the c_mapinfo and an area_id
        attributes of the class, and calling the Vect_get_area_centroid
        C function, if no centroid_id were found return None"""
        centroid_id = libvect.Vect_get_area_centroid(self.c_mapinfo,
                                                     self.area_id)
        return centroid_id if centroid_id != 0 else None

    def get_area_id(self):
        """Return the area_id, using the c_mapinfo and an centroid_id
        attributes of the class, and calling the Vect_get_centroid_area
        C function, if no area_id were found return None"""
        area_id = libvect.Vect_get_centroid_area(self.c_mapinfo,
                                                 self.id)
        return area_id if area_id != 0 else None


class Isle(Geo):
    """An Isle is an area contained by another area.
    """
    def __init__(self, **kargs):
        super(Isle, self).__init__(**kargs)
        #self.area_id = area_id

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Isle(%d)" % (self.id)

    def boundaries(self):
        ilist = Ilist()
        libvect.Vect_get_isle_boundaries(self.c_mapinfo, self.id,
                                         ilist.c_ilist)
        return ilist

    def bbox(self):
        bbox = Bbox()
        libvect.Vect_get_isle_box(self.c_mapinfo, self.id, bbox.c_bbox)
        return bbox

    def points(self):
        """Return a Line object with the outer ring points"""
        line = Line()
        libvect.Vect_get_isle_points(self.c_mapinfo, self.id, line.c_points)
        return line

    def points_geos(self):
        """Return a Line object with the outer ring points
        """
        return libvect.Vect_get_isle_points_geos(self.c_mapinfo, self.id)

    def area_id(self):
        """Returns area id for isle."""
        return libvect.Vect_get_isle_area(self.c_mapinfo, self.id)

    def alive(self):
        """Check if isle is alive or dead (topology required)"""
        return bool(libvect.Vect_isle_alive(self.c_mapinfo, self.id))

    def contain_pnt(self, pnt):
        """Check if point is in area."""
        bbox = self.bbox()
        return bool(libvect.Vect_point_in_island(pnt.x, pnt.y,
                                                 self.c_mapinfo, self.id,
                                                 bbox.c_bbox.contents))

    def area(self):
        """Return the area value of an Isle"""
        border = self.points()
        return libgis.G_area_of_polygon(border.c_points.contents.x,
                                        border.c_points.contents.y,
                                        border.c_points.contents.n_points)

    def perimeter(self):
        """Return the perimeter value of an Isle.
        ::
            double Vect_area_perimeter()

        """
        border = self.points()
        return libvect.Vect_area_perimeter(border.c_points)


class Isles(object):
    def __init__(self, c_mapinfo, area_id):
        self.c_mapinfo = c_mapinfo
        self.area_id = area_id
        self._isles_id = self.get_isles_id()
        self._isles = self.get_isles()

    def __len__(self):
        return libvect.Vect_get_area_num_isles(self.c_mapinfo, self.area_id)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Isles(%r)" % self._isles

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        return self._isles[key]

    def get_isles_id(self):
        return [libvect.Vect_get_area_isle(self.c_mapinfo, self.area_id, i)
                for i in range(self.__len__())]

    def get_isles(self):
        return [Isle(v_id=isle_id, c_mapinfo=self.c_mapinfo)
                for isle_id in self._isles_id]

    def select_by_bbox(self, bbox):
        """Vect_select_isles_by_box"""
        pass


class Area(Geo):
    """
     'Vect_build_line_area',
     'Vect_find_area',
     'Vect_get_area_box',
     'Vect_get_area_points_geos',
     'Vect_get_centroid_area',

     'Vect_get_isle_area',
     'Vect_get_line_areas',
     'Vect_get_num_areas',
     'Vect_get_point_in_area',
     'Vect_isle_find_area',
     'Vect_point_in_area',
     'Vect_point_in_area_outer_ring',

     'Vect_read_area_geos',
     'Vect_remove_small_areas',
     'Vect_select_areas_by_box',
     'Vect_select_areas_by_polygon']
    """

    def __init__(self, boundary=None, centroid=None, isles=[], **kargs):
        super(Area, self).__init__(**kargs)
        if self.id is not None and self.c_mapinfo:
            self.boundary = self.points()
            self.centroid = self.centroid()
            self.isles = self.get_isles()
            libvect.Vect_read_line(self.c_mapinfo, None, self.c_cats,
                                   self.centroid.id)
            self.cat = self.c_cats.contents.cat.contents.value
        elif boundary and centroid:
            self.boundary = boundary
            self.centroid = centroid
            self.isles = isles
        else:
            str_err = "To instantiate an Area you need at least: Boundary and Centroid"
            raise GrassError(str_err)

        # set the attributes
        if self.attrs and self.cat:
            self.attrs = Attrs(self.cat,
                               self.attrs.table, self.attrs.writable)

        # geometry type
        self.gtype = libvect.GV_AREA

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Area(%d)" % self.id if self.id else "Area( )"

    def init_from_id(self, area_id=None):
        """Return an Area object"""
        if area_id is None and self.id is None:
            raise ValueError("You need to give or set the area_id")
        self.id = area_id if area_id is not None else self.id
        # get boundary
        self.get_boundary()
        # get isles
        self.get_isles()
        pass

    def points(self):
        """Return a Line object with the outer ring"""
        line = Line()
        libvect.Vect_get_area_points(self.c_mapinfo, self.id, line.c_points)
        return line

    def centroid(self):
        centroid_id = libvect.Vect_get_area_centroid(self.c_mapinfo, self.id)
        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
        return Centroid(v_id=centroid_id, c_mapinfo=self.c_mapinfo,
                        area_id=self.id)

    def num_isles(self):
        return libvect.Vect_get_area_num_isles(self.c_mapinfo, self.id)

    def get_isles(self):
        """Instantiate the boundary attribute reading area_id"""
        return Isles(self.c_mapinfo, self.id)

    def area(self):
        """Returns area of area without areas of isles.
        double Vect_get_area_area (const struct Map_info *Map, int area)

        """
        return libvect.Vect_get_area_area(self.c_mapinfo, self.id)

    def alive(self):
        """Check if area is alive or dead (topology required)
        """
        return bool(libvect.Vect_area_alive(self.c_mapinfo, self.id))

    def bbox(self):
        """
        Vect_get_area_box
        """
        bbox = Bbox()
        libvect.Vect_get_area_box(self.c_mapinfo, self.id, bbox.c_bbox)
        return bbox

    def buffer(self, dist=None, dist_x=None, dist_y=None,
               angle=0, round_=True, caps=True, tol=0.1):
        """Return the buffer area around the area, using the
        ``Vect_area_buffer2`` C function.

        Parameters
        ----------
        dist : numeric
            The distance around the line.
        dist_x: numeric, optional
            The distance along x
        dist_y: numeric, optional
            The distance along y
        angle: numeric, optional
            The angle between 0x and major axis
        round_: bool, optional
            To make corners round
        caps: bool, optional
            To add caps at line ends
        tol: float, optional
            Fix the maximum distance between theoretical arc
            and output segments

        Returns
        -------
        buffer : Area
            The buffer area around the line.

        """
        if dist is not None:
            dist_x = dist
            dist_y = dist
        elif not dist_x or not dist_y:
            raise TypeError('TypeError: buffer expected 1 arguments, got 0')
        p_bound = ctypes.pointer(ctypes.pointer(libvect.line_pnts()))
        pp_isle = ctypes.pointer(ctypes.pointer(
                                 ctypes.pointer(libvect.line_pnts())))
        n_isles = ctypes.pointer(ctypes.c_int())
        libvect.Vect_area_buffer2(self.c_mapinfo, self.id,
                                  dist_x, dist_y, angle,
                                  int(round_), int(caps), tol,
                                  p_bound, pp_isle, n_isles)
        return Area(boundary=Line(c_points=p_bound.contents),
                    centroid=self.centroid,
                    isles=[Line(c_points=pp_isle[i].contents)
                           for i in xrange(n_isles.contents.value)])

    def boundaries(self):
        """Creates list of boundaries for given area.

        int Vect_get_area_boundaries(const struct Map_info *Map,
                                     int area, struct ilist *List)
        """
        ilist = Ilist()
        libvect.Vect_get_area_boundaries(self.c_mapinfo, self.id,
                                         ilist.c_ilist)
        return ilist

    def cats(self):
        """Get area categories.
        int Vect_get_area_cats (const struct Map_info *Map,
                                int area, struct line_cats *Cats)
        """
        cats = Cats()
        libvect.Vect_get_area_cats(self.c_mapinfo, self.id, cats.c_cats)
        return cats

    def get_first_cat(self):
        """Find FIRST category of given field and area.

        int Vect_get_area_cat(const struct Map_info *Map, int area, int field)
        """
        pass

    def contain_pnt(self, pnt):
        """Check if point is in area.
        int Vect_point_in_area(double x, double y,
                               const struct Map_info *Map,
                               int area, struct bound_box box)
        """
        bbox = self.bbox()
        libvect.Vect_point_in_area(pnt.x, pnt.y, self.c_mapinfo, self.id,
                                   bbox.c_bbox)
        return bbox

    def perimeter(self):
        """Calculate area perimeter.

        double Vect_area_perimeter (const struct line_pnts *Points)

        """
        border = self.points()
        return libvect.Vect_area_perimeter(border.c_points)