NVIDIA-GPU-Bootcamp-Training/hpc/miniprofiler/English/C/source_code/solutions/miniWeather_openacc_exr2.cpp

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// miniWeather
// Author: Matt Norman <normanmr@ornl.gov>  , Oak Ridge National Laboratory
// This code simulates dry, stratified, compressible, non-hydrostatic fluid flows
// For documentation, please see the attached documentation in the "documentation" folder
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <netcdf.h>
#include <nvtx3/nvToolsExt.h>

const double pi = 3.14159265358979323846264338327;   //Pi
const double grav = 9.8;                             //Gravitational acceleration (m / s^2)
const double cp = 1004.;                             //Specific heat of dry air at constant pressure
const double rd = 287.;                              //Dry air constant for equation of state (P=rho*rd*T)
const double p0 = 1.e5;                              //Standard pressure at the surface in Pascals
const double C0 = 27.5629410929725921310572974482;   //Constant to translate potential temperature into pressure (P=C0*(rho*theta)**gamma)
const double gamm = 1.40027894002789400278940027894; //gamma=cp/Rd , have to call this gamm because "gamma" is taken (I hate C so much)
//Define domain and stability-related constants
const double xlen = 2.e4;     //Length of the domain in the x-direction (meters)
const double zlen = 1.e4;     //Length of the domain in the z-direction (meters)
const double hv_beta = 0.25;  //How strong to diffuse the solution: hv_beta \in [0:1]
const double cfl = 1.50;      //"Courant, Friedrichs, Lewy" number (for numerical stability)
const double max_speed = 450; //Assumed maximum wave speed during the simulation (speed of sound + speed of wind) (meter / sec)
const int hs = 2;             //"Halo" size: number of cells needed for a full "stencil" of information for reconstruction
const int sten_size = 4;      //Size of the stencil used for interpolation

//Parameters for indexing and flags
const int NUM_VARS = 4; //Number of fluid state variables
const int ID_DENS = 0;  //index for density ("rho")
const int ID_UMOM = 1;  //index for momentum in the x-direction ("rho * u")
const int ID_WMOM = 2;  //index for momentum in the z-direction ("rho * w")
const int ID_RHOT = 3;  //index for density * potential temperature ("rho * theta")
const int DIR_X = 1;    //Integer constant to express that this operation is in the x-direction
const int DIR_Z = 2;    //Integer constant to express that this operation is in the z-direction

const int nqpoints = 3;
double qpoints[] = {0.112701665379258311482073460022E0, 0.500000000000000000000000000000E0, 0.887298334620741688517926539980E0};
double qweights[] = {0.277777777777777777777777777779E0, 0.444444444444444444444444444444E0, 0.277777777777777777777777777779E0};

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Variables that are initialized but remain static over the course of the simulation
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
double sim_time;            //total simulation time in seconds
double output_freq;         //frequency to perform output in seconds
double dt;                  //Model time step (seconds)
int nx, nz;                 //Number of local grid cells in the x- and z- dimensions
double dx, dz;              //Grid space length in x- and z-dimension (meters)
int nx_glob, nz_glob;       //Number of total grid cells in the x- and z- dimensions
int i_beg, k_beg;           //beginning index in the x- and z-directions
int nranks, myrank;         //my rank id
int left_rank, right_rank;  //Rank IDs that exist to my left and right in the global domain
double *hy_dens_cell;       //hydrostatic density (vert cell avgs).   Dimensions: (1-hs:nz+hs)
double *hy_dens_theta_cell; //hydrostatic rho*t (vert cell avgs).     Dimensions: (1-hs:nz+hs)
double *hy_dens_int;        //hydrostatic density (vert cell interf). Dimensions: (1:nz+1)
double *hy_dens_theta_int;  //hydrostatic rho*t (vert cell interf).   Dimensions: (1:nz+1)
double *hy_pressure_int;    //hydrostatic press (vert cell interf).   Dimensions: (1:nz+1)

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Variables that are dynamics over the course of the simulation
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
double etime;          //Elapsed model time
double output_counter; //Helps determine when it's time to do output
//Runtime variable arrays
double *state;     //Fluid state.             Dimensions: (1-hs:nx+hs,1-hs:nz+hs,NUM_VARS)
double *state_tmp; //Fluid state.             Dimensions: (1-hs:nx+hs,1-hs:nz+hs,NUM_VARS)
double *flux;      //Cell interface fluxes.   Dimensions: (nx+1,nz+1,NUM_VARS)
double *tend;      //Fluid state tendencies.  Dimensions: (nx,nz,NUM_VARS)
int num_out = 0;   //The number of outputs performed so far
int direction_switch = 1;

//How is this not in the standard?!
double dmin(double a, double b)
{
  if (a < b)
  {
    return a;
  }
  else
  {
    return b;
  }
};

//Declaring the functions defined after "main"
void init();
void finalize();
void injection(double x, double z, double &r, double &u, double &w, double &t, double &hr, double &ht);
void hydro_const_theta(double z, double &r, double &t);
void output(double *state, double etime);
void ncwrap(int ierr, int line);
void perform_timestep(double *state, double *state_tmp, double *flux, double *tend, double dt);
void semi_discrete_step(double *state_init, double *state_forcing, double *state_out, double dt, int dir, double *flux, double *tend);
void compute_tendencies_x(double *state, double *flux, double *tend);
void compute_tendencies_z(double *state, double *flux, double *tend);
void set_halo_values_x(double *state);
void set_halo_values_z(double *state);

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// THE MAIN PROGRAM STARTS HERE
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // BEGIN USER-CONFIGURABLE PARAMETERS
  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //The x-direction length is twice as long as the z-direction length
  //So, you'll want to have nx_glob be twice as large as nz_glob
  nx_glob = 400;     //Number of total cells in the x-dirction
  nz_glob = 200;     //Number of total cells in the z-dirction
  sim_time = 1500;   //How many seconds to run the simulation
  output_freq = 100; //How frequently to output data to file (in seconds)
  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // END USER-CONFIGURABLE PARAMETERS
  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  if (argc == 4)
  {
    printf("The arguments supplied are %s %s %s\n", argv[1], argv[2], argv[3]);
    nx_glob = atoi(argv[1]);
    nz_glob = atoi(argv[2]);
    sim_time = atoi(argv[3]);
  }
  else
  {
    printf("Using default values ...\n");
  }

  nvtxRangePushA("Total");
  init();

  //Output the initial state
  output(state, etime);

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // MAIN TIME STEP LOOP
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  nvtxRangePushA("while");
  while (etime < sim_time)
  {
    //If the time step leads to exceeding the simulation time, shorten it for the last step
    if (etime + dt > sim_time)
    {
      dt = sim_time - etime;
    }

    //Perform a single time step
    nvtxRangePushA("perform_timestep");
    perform_timestep(state, state_tmp, flux, tend, dt);
    nvtxRangePop();

    //Inform the user

    printf("Elapsed Time: %lf / %lf\n", etime, sim_time);

    //Update the elapsed time and output counter
    etime = etime + dt;
    output_counter = output_counter + dt;
    //If it's time for output, reset the counter, and do output

    if (output_counter >= output_freq)
    {
      output_counter = output_counter - output_freq;

      output(state, etime);
    }
  }
  nvtxRangePop();

  finalize();
  nvtxRangePop();
}

//Performs a single dimensionally split time step using a simple low-storate three-stage Runge-Kutta time integrator
//The dimensional splitting is a second-order-accurate alternating Strang splitting in which the
//order of directions is alternated each time step.
//The Runge-Kutta method used here is defined as follows:
// q*     = q[n] + dt/3 * rhs(q[n])
// q**    = q[n] + dt/2 * rhs(q*  )
// q[n+1] = q[n] + dt/1 * rhs(q** )
void perform_timestep(double *state, double *state_tmp, double *flux, double *tend, double dt)
{
  if (direction_switch)
  {
    //x-direction first
    semi_discrete_step(state, state, state_tmp, dt / 3, DIR_X, flux, tend);
    semi_discrete_step(state, state_tmp, state_tmp, dt / 2, DIR_X, flux, tend);
    semi_discrete_step(state, state_tmp, state, dt / 1, DIR_X, flux, tend);
    //z-direction second
    semi_discrete_step(state, state, state_tmp, dt / 3, DIR_Z, flux, tend);
    semi_discrete_step(state, state_tmp, state_tmp, dt / 2, DIR_Z, flux, tend);
    semi_discrete_step(state, state_tmp, state, dt / 1, DIR_Z, flux, tend);
  }
  else
  {
    //z-direction second
    semi_discrete_step(state, state, state_tmp, dt / 3, DIR_Z, flux, tend);
    semi_discrete_step(state, state_tmp, state_tmp, dt / 2, DIR_Z, flux, tend);
    semi_discrete_step(state, state_tmp, state, dt / 1, DIR_Z, flux, tend);
    //x-direction first
    semi_discrete_step(state, state, state_tmp, dt / 3, DIR_X, flux, tend);
    semi_discrete_step(state, state_tmp, state_tmp, dt / 2, DIR_X, flux, tend);
    semi_discrete_step(state, state_tmp, state, dt / 1, DIR_X, flux, tend);
  }
  if (direction_switch)
  {
    direction_switch = 0;
  }
  else
  {
    direction_switch = 1;
  }
}

//Perform a single semi-discretized step in time with the form:
//state_out = state_init + dt * rhs(state_forcing)
//Meaning the step starts from state_init, computes the rhs using state_forcing, and stores the result in state_out
void semi_discrete_step(double *state_init, double *state_forcing, double *state_out, double dt, int dir, double *flux, double *tend)
{
  int i, k, ll, inds, indt;
  if (dir == DIR_X)
  {
    //Set the halo values  in the x-direction
    set_halo_values_x(state_forcing);
    //Compute the time tendencies for the fluid state in the x-direction
    compute_tendencies_x(state_forcing, flux, tend);
  }
  else if (dir == DIR_Z)
  {
    //Set the halo values  in the z-direction
    set_halo_values_z(state_forcing);
    //Compute the time tendencies for the fluid state in the z-direction
    compute_tendencies_z(state_forcing, flux, tend);
  }

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// TODO: THREAD ME
/////////////////////////////////////////////////
//Apply the tendencies to the fluid state
#pragma acc parallel loop private(inds, indt) default(present)
  for (ll = 0; ll < NUM_VARS; ll++)
  {
    for (k = 0; k < nz; k++)
    {
      for (i = 0; i < nx; i++)
      {
        inds = ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i + hs;
        indt = ll * nz * nx + k * nx + i;
        state_out[inds] = state_init[inds] + dt * tend[indt];
      }
    }
  }
}

//Compute the time tendencies of the fluid state using forcing in the x-direction

//First, compute the flux vector at each cell interface in the x-direction (including hyperviscosity)
//Then, compute the tendencies using those fluxes
void compute_tendencies_x(double *state, double *flux, double *tend)
{
  int i, k, ll, s, inds, indf1, indf2, indt;
  double r, u, w, t, p, stencil[4], d3_vals[NUM_VARS], vals[NUM_VARS], hv_coef;
  //Compute the hyperviscosity coeficient
  hv_coef = -hv_beta * dx / (16 * dt);
  /////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // TODO: THREAD ME
  /////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //Compute fluxes in the x-direction for each cell
#pragma acc parallel loop private(ll, s, inds, stencil, vals, d3_vals, r, u, w, t, p)
  for (k = 0; k < nz; k++)
  {
    for (i = 0; i < nx + 1; i++)
    {
      //Use fourth-order interpolation from four cell averages to compute the value at the interface in question
      for (ll = 0; ll < NUM_VARS; ll++)
      {
        for (s = 0; s < sten_size; s++)
        {
          inds = ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i + s;
          stencil[s] = state[inds];
        }
        //Fourth-order-accurate interpolation of the state
        vals[ll] = -stencil[0] / 12 + 7 * stencil[1] / 12 + 7 * stencil[2] / 12 - stencil[3] / 12;
        //First-order-accurate interpolation of the third spatial derivative of the state (for artificial viscosity)
        d3_vals[ll] = -stencil[0] + 3 * stencil[1] - 3 * stencil[2] + stencil[3];
      }

      //Compute density, u-wind, w-wind, potential temperature, and pressure (r,u,w,t,p respectively)
      r = vals[ID_DENS] + hy_dens_cell[k + hs];
      u = vals[ID_UMOM] / r;
      w = vals[ID_WMOM] / r;
      t = (vals[ID_RHOT] + hy_dens_theta_cell[k + hs]) / r;
      p = C0 * pow((r * t), gamm);

      //Compute the flux vector
      flux[ID_DENS * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i] = r * u - hv_coef * d3_vals[ID_DENS];
      flux[ID_UMOM * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i] = r * u * u + p - hv_coef * d3_vals[ID_UMOM];
      flux[ID_WMOM * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i] = r * u * w - hv_coef * d3_vals[ID_WMOM];
      flux[ID_RHOT * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i] = r * u * t - hv_coef * d3_vals[ID_RHOT];
    }
  }

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// TODO: THREAD ME
/////////////////////////////////////////////////
//Use the fluxes to compute tendencies for each cell
#pragma acc parallel loop private(indt, indf1, indf2)
  for (ll = 0; ll < NUM_VARS; ll++)
  {
    for (k = 0; k < nz; k++)
    {
      for (i = 0; i < nx; i++)
      {
        indt = ll * nz * nx + k * nx + i;
        indf1 = ll * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i;
        indf2 = ll * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i + 1;
        tend[indt] = -(flux[indf2] - flux[indf1]) / dx;
      }
    }
  }
}

//Compute the time tendencies of the fluid state using forcing in the z-direction

//First, compute the flux vector at each cell interface in the z-direction (including hyperviscosity)
//Then, compute the tendencies using those fluxes
void compute_tendencies_z(double *state, double *flux, double *tend)
{
  int i, k, ll, s, inds, indf1, indf2, indt;
  double r, u, w, t, p, stencil[4], d3_vals[NUM_VARS], vals[NUM_VARS], hv_coef;
  //Compute the hyperviscosity coeficient
  hv_coef = -hv_beta * dx / (16 * dt);
/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// TODO: THREAD ME
/////////////////////////////////////////////////
//Compute fluxes in the x-direction for each cell
#pragma acc parallel loop private(ll, s, inds, stencil, vals, d3_vals, r, u, w, t, p)
  for (k = 0; k < nz + 1; k++)
  {
    for (i = 0; i < nx; i++)
    {
      //Use fourth-order interpolation from four cell averages to compute the value at the interface in question
      for (ll = 0; ll < NUM_VARS; ll++)
      {
        for (s = 0; s < sten_size; s++)
        {
          inds = ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + s) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i + hs;
          stencil[s] = state[inds];
        }
        //Fourth-order-accurate interpolation of the state
        vals[ll] = -stencil[0] / 12 + 7 * stencil[1] / 12 + 7 * stencil[2] / 12 - stencil[3] / 12;
        //First-order-accurate interpolation of the third spatial derivative of the state
        d3_vals[ll] = -stencil[0] + 3 * stencil[1] - 3 * stencil[2] + stencil[3];
      }

      //Compute density, u-wind, w-wind, potential temperature, and pressure (r,u,w,t,p respectively)
      r = vals[ID_DENS] + hy_dens_int[k];
      u = vals[ID_UMOM] / r;
      w = vals[ID_WMOM] / r;
      t = (vals[ID_RHOT] + hy_dens_theta_int[k]) / r;
      p = C0 * pow((r * t), gamm) - hy_pressure_int[k];

      //Compute the flux vector with hyperviscosity
      flux[ID_DENS * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i] = r * w - hv_coef * d3_vals[ID_DENS];
      flux[ID_UMOM * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i] = r * w * u - hv_coef * d3_vals[ID_UMOM];
      flux[ID_WMOM * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i] = r * w * w + p - hv_coef * d3_vals[ID_WMOM];
      flux[ID_RHOT * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + k * (nx + 1) + i] = r * w * t - hv_coef * d3_vals[ID_RHOT];
    }
  }

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// TODO: THREAD ME
/////////////////////////////////////////////////
//Use the fluxes to compute tendencies for each cell
#pragma acc parallel loop private(indt, indf1, indf2)
  for (ll = 0; ll < NUM_VARS; ll++)
  {
    for (k = 0; k < nz; k++)
    {
      for (i = 0; i < nx; i++)
      {
        indt = ll * nz * nx + k * nx + i;
        indf1 = ll * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + (k) * (nx + 1) + i;
        indf2 = ll * (nz + 1) * (nx + 1) + (k + 1) * (nx + 1) + i;
        tend[indt] = -(flux[indf2] - flux[indf1]) / dz;
        if (ll == ID_WMOM)
        {
          inds = ID_DENS * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i + hs;
          tend[indt] = tend[indt] - state[inds] * grav;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void set_halo_values_x(double *state)
{
  int k, ll, ind_r, ind_u, ind_t, i;
  double z;

#pragma acc parallel loop
  for (ll = 0; ll < NUM_VARS; ll++)
  {
    for (k = 0; k < nz; k++)
    {
      state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + 0] = state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + nx + hs - 2];
      state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + 1] = state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + nx + hs - 1];
      state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + nx + hs] = state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + hs];
      state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + nx + hs + 1] = state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + hs + 1];
    }
  }
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  if (myrank == 0)
  {
    for (k = 0; k < nz; k++)
    {
      for (i = 0; i < hs; i++)
      {
        z = (k_beg + k + 0.5) * dz;
        if (abs(z - 3 * zlen / 4) <= zlen / 16)
        {
          ind_r = ID_DENS * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i;
          ind_u = ID_UMOM * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i;
          ind_t = ID_RHOT * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i;
          state[ind_u] = (state[ind_r] + hy_dens_cell[k + hs]) * 50.;
          state[ind_t] = (state[ind_r] + hy_dens_cell[k + hs]) * 298. - hy_dens_theta_cell[k + hs];
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

//Set this task's halo values in the z-direction.
//decomposition in the vertical direction.
void set_halo_values_z(double *state)
{
  int i, ll;
  const double mnt_width = xlen / 8;
  double x, xloc, mnt_deriv;
/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// TODO: THREAD ME
/////////////////////////////////////////////////
#pragma acc parallel loop private(x, xloc, mnt_deriv)
  for (ll = 0; ll < NUM_VARS; ll++)
  {
    for (i = 0; i < nx + 2 * hs; i++)
    {
      if (ll == ID_WMOM)
      {
        state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (0) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i] = 0.;
        state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (1) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i] = 0.;
        state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (nz + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i] = 0.;
        state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (nz + hs + 1) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i] = 0.;
      }
      else
      {
        state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (0) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i] = state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i];
        state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (1) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i] = state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i];
        state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (nz + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i] = state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (nz + hs - 1) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i];
        state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (nz + hs + 1) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i] = state[ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (nz + hs - 1) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i];
      }
    }
  }
}

void init()
{
  int i, k, ii, kk, ll, inds, i_end;
  double x, z, r, u, w, t, hr, ht, nper;

  //Set the cell grid size
  dx = xlen / nx_glob;
  dz = zlen / nz_glob;

  nranks = 1;
  myrank = 0;

  // For simpler version, replace i_beg = 0, nx = nx_glob, left_rank = 0, right_rank = 0;

  nper = ((double)nx_glob) / nranks;
  i_beg = round(nper * (myrank));
  i_end = round(nper * ((myrank) + 1)) - 1;
  nx = i_end - i_beg + 1;
  left_rank = myrank - 1;
  if (left_rank == -1)
    left_rank = nranks - 1;
  right_rank = myrank + 1;
  if (right_rank == nranks)
    right_rank = 0;

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // YOU DON'T NEED TO ALTER ANYTHING BELOW THIS POINT IN THE CODE
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  k_beg = 0;
  nz = nz_glob;

  //Allocate the model data
  state = (double *)malloc((nx + 2 * hs) * (nz + 2 * hs) * NUM_VARS * sizeof(double));
  state_tmp = (double *)malloc((nx + 2 * hs) * (nz + 2 * hs) * NUM_VARS * sizeof(double));
  flux = (double *)malloc((nx + 1) * (nz + 1) * NUM_VARS * sizeof(double));
  tend = (double *)malloc(nx * nz * NUM_VARS * sizeof(double));
  hy_dens_cell = (double *)malloc((nz + 2 * hs) * sizeof(double));
  hy_dens_theta_cell = (double *)malloc((nz + 2 * hs) * sizeof(double));
  hy_dens_int = (double *)malloc((nz + 1) * sizeof(double));
  hy_dens_theta_int = (double *)malloc((nz + 1) * sizeof(double));
  hy_pressure_int = (double *)malloc((nz + 1) * sizeof(double));

  //Define the maximum stable time step based on an assumed maximum wind speed
  dt = dmin(dx, dz) / max_speed * cfl;
  //Set initial elapsed model time and output_counter to zero
  etime = 0.;
  output_counter = 0.;

  // Display grid information

  printf("nx_glob, nz_glob: %d %d\n", nx_glob, nz_glob);
  printf("dx,dz: %lf %lf\n", dx, dz);
  printf("dt: %lf\n", dt);

  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // Initialize the cell-averaged fluid state via Gauss-Legendre quadrature
  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  for (k = 0; k < nz + 2 * hs; k++)
  {
    for (i = 0; i < nx + 2 * hs; i++)
    {
      //Initialize the state to zero
      for (ll = 0; ll < NUM_VARS; ll++)
      {
        inds = ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + k * (nx + 2 * hs) + i;
        state[inds] = 0.;
      }
      //Use Gauss-Legendre quadrature to initialize a hydrostatic balance + temperature perturbation
      for (kk = 0; kk < nqpoints; kk++)
      {
        for (ii = 0; ii < nqpoints; ii++)
        {
          //Compute the x,z location within the global domain based on cell and quadrature index
          x = (i_beg + i - hs + 0.5) * dx + (qpoints[ii] - 0.5) * dx;
          z = (k_beg + k - hs + 0.5) * dz + (qpoints[kk] - 0.5) * dz;

          //Set the fluid state based on the user's specification (default is injection in this example)
          injection(x, z, r, u, w, t, hr, ht);

          //Store into the fluid state array
          inds = ID_DENS * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + k * (nx + 2 * hs) + i;
          state[inds] = state[inds] + r * qweights[ii] * qweights[kk];
          inds = ID_UMOM * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + k * (nx + 2 * hs) + i;
          state[inds] = state[inds] + (r + hr) * u * qweights[ii] * qweights[kk];
          inds = ID_WMOM * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + k * (nx + 2 * hs) + i;
          state[inds] = state[inds] + (r + hr) * w * qweights[ii] * qweights[kk];
          inds = ID_RHOT * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + k * (nx + 2 * hs) + i;
          state[inds] = state[inds] + ((r + hr) * (t + ht) - hr * ht) * qweights[ii] * qweights[kk];
        }
      }
      for (ll = 0; ll < NUM_VARS; ll++)
      {
        inds = ll * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + k * (nx + 2 * hs) + i;
        state_tmp[inds] = state[inds];
      }
    }
  }
  //Compute the hydrostatic background state over vertical cell averages
  for (k = 0; k < nz + 2 * hs; k++)
  {
    hy_dens_cell[k] = 0.;
    hy_dens_theta_cell[k] = 0.;
    for (kk = 0; kk < nqpoints; kk++)
    {
      z = (k_beg + k - hs + 0.5) * dz;

      //Set the fluid state based on the user's specification (default is injection in this example)
      injection(0., z, r, u, w, t, hr, ht);

      hy_dens_cell[k] = hy_dens_cell[k] + hr * qweights[kk];
      hy_dens_theta_cell[k] = hy_dens_theta_cell[k] + hr * ht * qweights[kk];
    }
  }
  //Compute the hydrostatic background state at vertical cell interfaces
  for (k = 0; k < nz + 1; k++)
  {
    z = (k_beg + k) * dz;

    //Set the fluid state based on the user's specification (default is injection in this example)
    injection(0., z, r, u, w, t, hr, ht);

    hy_dens_int[k] = hr;
    hy_dens_theta_int[k] = hr * ht;
    hy_pressure_int[k] = C0 * pow((hr * ht), gamm);
  }
}

//This test case is initially balanced but injects fast, cold air from the left boundary near the model top
//x and z are input coordinates at which to sample
//r,u,w,t are output density, u-wind, w-wind, and potential temperature at that location
//hr and ht are output background hydrostatic density and potential temperature at that location
void injection(double x, double z, double &r, double &u, double &w, double &t, double &hr, double &ht)
{
  hydro_const_theta(z, hr, ht);
  r = 0.;
  t = 0.;
  u = 0.;
  w = 0.;
}

//Establish hydrstatic balance using constant potential temperature (thermally neutral atmosphere)
//z is the input coordinate
//r and t are the output background hydrostatic density and potential temperature
void hydro_const_theta(double z, double &r, double &t)
{
  const double theta0 = 300.; //Background potential temperature
  const double exner0 = 1.;   //Surface-level Exner pressure
  double p, exner, rt;
  //Establish hydrostatic balance first using Exner pressure
  t = theta0;                                //Potential Temperature at z
  exner = exner0 - grav * z / (cp * theta0); //Exner pressure at z
  p = p0 * pow(exner, (cp / rd));            //Pressure at z
  rt = pow((p / C0), (1. / gamm));           //rho*theta at z
  r = rt / t;                                //Density at z
}

//Output the fluid state (state) to a NetCDF file at a given elapsed model time (etime)
//The file I/O uses netcdf, the only external library required for this mini-app.
//If it's too cumbersome, you can comment the I/O out, but you'll miss out on some potentially cool graphics
void output(double *state, double etime)
{
  int ncid, t_dimid, x_dimid, z_dimid, dens_varid, uwnd_varid, wwnd_varid, theta_varid, t_varid, dimids[3];
  int i, k, ind_r, ind_u, ind_w, ind_t;

  size_t st1[1], ct1[1], st3[3], ct3[3];

  //Temporary arrays to hold density, u-wind, w-wind, and potential temperature (theta)
  double *dens, *uwnd, *wwnd, *theta;
  double *etimearr;
  //Inform the user

  printf("*** OUTPUT ***\n");

  //Allocate some (big) temp arrays
  dens = (double *)malloc(nx * nz * sizeof(double));
  uwnd = (double *)malloc(nx * nz * sizeof(double));
  wwnd = (double *)malloc(nx * nz * sizeof(double));
  theta = (double *)malloc(nx * nz * sizeof(double));
  etimearr = (double *)malloc(1 * sizeof(double));

  //If the elapsed time is zero, create the file. Otherwise, open the file
  if (etime == 0)
  {
    //Create the file
    ncwrap(nc_create("new.nc", NC_CLOBBER, &ncid), __LINE__);

    //Create the dimensions
    ncwrap(nc_def_dim(ncid, "t", NC_UNLIMITED, &t_dimid), __LINE__);
    ncwrap(nc_def_dim(ncid, "x", nx_glob, &x_dimid), __LINE__);
    ncwrap(nc_def_dim(ncid, "z", nz_glob, &z_dimid), __LINE__);

    //Create the variables
    dimids[0] = t_dimid;
    ncwrap(nc_def_var(ncid, "t", NC_DOUBLE, 1, dimids, &t_varid), __LINE__);

    dimids[0] = t_dimid;
    dimids[1] = z_dimid;
    dimids[2] = x_dimid;

    ncwrap(nc_def_var(ncid, "dens", NC_DOUBLE, 3, dimids, &dens_varid), __LINE__);
    ncwrap(nc_def_var(ncid, "uwnd", NC_DOUBLE, 3, dimids, &uwnd_varid), __LINE__);
    ncwrap(nc_def_var(ncid, "wwnd", NC_DOUBLE, 3, dimids, &wwnd_varid), __LINE__);
    ncwrap(nc_def_var(ncid, "theta", NC_DOUBLE, 3, dimids, &theta_varid), __LINE__);

    //End "define" mode
    ncwrap(nc_enddef(ncid), __LINE__);
  }
  else
  {
    //Open the file
    ncwrap(nc_open("new.nc", NC_WRITE, &ncid), __LINE__);

    //Get the variable IDs
    ncwrap(nc_inq_varid(ncid, "dens", &dens_varid), __LINE__);
    ncwrap(nc_inq_varid(ncid, "uwnd", &uwnd_varid), __LINE__);
    ncwrap(nc_inq_varid(ncid, "wwnd", &wwnd_varid), __LINE__);
    ncwrap(nc_inq_varid(ncid, "theta", &theta_varid), __LINE__);
    ncwrap(nc_inq_varid(ncid, "t", &t_varid), __LINE__);
  }

  //Store perturbed values in the temp arrays for output
  for (k = 0; k < nz; k++)
  {
    for (i = 0; i < nx; i++)
    {
      ind_r = ID_DENS * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i + hs;
      ind_u = ID_UMOM * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i + hs;
      ind_w = ID_WMOM * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i + hs;
      ind_t = ID_RHOT * (nz + 2 * hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + (k + hs) * (nx + 2 * hs) + i + hs;
      dens[k * nx + i] = state[ind_r];
      uwnd[k * nx + i] = state[ind_u] / (hy_dens_cell[k + hs] + state[ind_r]);
      wwnd[k * nx + i] = state[ind_w] / (hy_dens_cell[k + hs] + state[ind_r]);
      theta[k * nx + i] = (state[ind_t] + hy_dens_theta_cell[k + hs]) / (hy_dens_cell[k + hs] + state[ind_r]) - hy_dens_theta_cell[k + hs] / hy_dens_cell[k + hs];
    }
  }

  //Write the grid data to file with all the processes writing collectively
  st3[0] = num_out;
  st3[1] = k_beg;
  st3[2] = i_beg;
  ct3[0] = 1;
  ct3[1] = nz;
  ct3[2] = nx;

  ncwrap(nc_put_vara_double(ncid, dens_varid, st3, ct3, dens), __LINE__);
  ncwrap(nc_put_vara_double(ncid, uwnd_varid, st3, ct3, uwnd), __LINE__);
  ncwrap(nc_put_vara_double(ncid, wwnd_varid, st3, ct3, wwnd), __LINE__);
  ncwrap(nc_put_vara_double(ncid, theta_varid, st3, ct3, theta), __LINE__);

  //Only the master process needs to write the elapsed time
  //write elapsed time to file

  st1[0] = num_out;
  ct1[0] = 1;
  etimearr[0] = etime;
  ncwrap(nc_put_vara_double(ncid, t_varid, st1, ct1, etimearr), __LINE__);

  //Close the file
  ncwrap(nc_close(ncid), __LINE__);

  //Increment the number of outputs
  num_out = num_out + 1;

  //Deallocate the temp arrays
  free(dens);
  free(uwnd);
  free(wwnd);
  free(theta);
  free(etimearr);
}

//Error reporting routine for the NetCDF I/O
void ncwrap(int ierr, int line)
{
  if (ierr != NC_NOERR)
  {
    printf("NetCDF Error at line: %d\n", line);
    printf("%s\n", nc_strerror(ierr));
    exit(-1);
  }
}

void finalize()
{
  free(state);
  free(state_tmp);
  free(flux);
  free(tend);
  free(hy_dens_cell);
  free(hy_dens_theta_cell);
  free(hy_dens_int);
  free(hy_dens_theta_int);
  free(hy_pressure_int);
}