[[control_flow]]
== Control Flow

In the programs we have seen till now, there has always been a series of statements faithfully
executed by Python in exact top-down order. What if you wanted to change the flow of how it works?
For example, you want the program to take some decisions and do different things depending on
different situations, such as printing 'Good Morning' or 'Good Evening' depending on the time of
the day?

As you might have guessed, this is achieved using control flow statements. There are three control
flow statements in Python - +if+, +for+ and +while+.

=== The +if+ statement

The +if+ statement is used to check a condition: *if* the condition is true, we run a block of
statements (called the _if-block_), *else* we process another block of statements (called the
_else-block_). The *else* clause is optional.

Example (save as +if.py+):

[source,python]
--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/if.py[]
--------------------------------------------------

Output:

--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/if.txt[]
--------------------------------------------------

.How It Works

In this program, we take guesses from the user and check if it is the number that we have. We set
the variable +number+ to any integer we want, say `23`. Then, we take the user's guess using the
`raw_input()` function. Functions are just reusable pieces of programs. We'll read more about them
in the <<functions,next chapter>>.

We supply a string to the built-in `raw_input` function which prints it to the screen and waits for
input from the user. Once we enter something and press kbd:[enter] key, the `raw_input()` function
returns what we entered, as a string. We then convert this string to an integer using `int` and
then store it in the variable `guess`. Actually, the `int` is a class but all you need to know
right now is that you can use it to convert a string to an integer (assuming the string contains a
valid integer in the text).

Next, we compare the guess of the user with the number we have chosen. If they are equal, we print
a success message. Notice that we use indentation levels to tell Python which statements belong to
which block. This is why indentation is so important in Python. I hope you are sticking to the
"consistent indentation" rule. Are you?

Notice how the `if` statement contains a colon at the end - we are indicating to Python that a
block of statements follows.

Then, we check if the guess is less than the number, and if so, we inform the user that they must
guess a little higher than that. What we have used here is the `elif` clause which actually
combines two related `if else-if else` statements into one combined `if-elif-else` statement. This
makes the program easier and reduces the amount of indentation required.

The `elif` and `else` statements must also have a colon at the end of the logical line followed by
their corresponding block of statements (with proper indentation, of course)

You can have another `if` statement inside the if-block of an `if` statement and so on - this is
called a nested `if` statement.

Remember that the `elif` and `else` parts are optional. A minimal valid `if` statement is:

[source,python]
--------------------------------------------------
if True:
    print 'Yes, it is true'
--------------------------------------------------

After Python has finished executing the complete `if` statement along with the associated `elif`
and `else` clauses, it moves on to the next statement in the block containing the `if`
statement. In this case, it is the main block (where execution of the program starts), and the next
statement is the `print 'Done'` statement. After this, Python sees the ends of the program and
simply finishes up.

Even though this is a very simple program, I have been pointing out a lot of things that you should
notice. All these are pretty straightforward (and surprisingly simple for those of you from C/C++
backgrounds). You will need to become aware of all these things initially, but after some practice
you will become comfortable with them, and it will all feel 'natural' to you.

.Note for C/C++ Programmers
[NOTE]
There is no `switch` statement in Python. You can use an `if..elif..else` statement to do the same
thing (and in some cases, use a <<dictionary,dictionary>> to do it quickly)

=== The while Statement

The `while` statement allows you to repeatedly execute a block of statements as long as a condition
is true. A `while` statement is an example of what is called a *looping* statement. A `while`
statement can have an optional `else` clause.

Example (save as `while.py`):

[source,python]
--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/while.py[]
--------------------------------------------------

Output:

--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/while.txt[]
--------------------------------------------------

.How It Works

In this program, we are still playing the guessing game, but the advantage is that the user is
allowed to keep guessing until he guesses correctly - there is no need to repeatedly run the
program for each guess, as we have done in the previous section. This aptly demonstrates the use of
the `while` statement.

We move the `raw_input` and `if` statements to inside the `while` loop and set the variable
`running` to `True` before the while loop. First, we check if the variable `running` is `True` and
then proceed to execute the corresponding *while-block*. After this block is executed, the
condition is again checked which in this case is the `running` variable. If it is true, we execute
the while-block again, else we continue to execute the optional else-block and then continue to the
next statement.

The `else` block is executed when the `while` loop condition becomes `False` - this may even be the
first time that the condition is checked. If there is an `else` clause for a `while` loop, it is
always executed unless you break out of the loop with a `break` statement.

The `True` and `False` are called Boolean types and you can consider them to be equivalent to the
value `1` and `0` respectively.

.Note for C/C++ Programmers
[NOTE]
Remember that you can have an `else` clause for the `while` loop.

=== The +for+ loop

The `for..in` statement is another looping statement which *iterates* over a sequence of objects
i.e. go through each item in a sequence. We will see more about <<sequence,sequences>> in detail in
later chapters. What you need to know right now is that a sequence is just an ordered collection of
items.

Example (save as `for.py`):

[source,python]
--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/for.py[]
--------------------------------------------------

Output:

--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/for.txt[]
--------------------------------------------------

.How It Works

In this program, we are printing a *sequence* of numbers. We generate this sequence of numbers
using the built-in `range` function.

What we do here is supply it two numbers and `range` returns a sequence of numbers starting from
the first number and up to the second number. For example, `range(1,5)` gives the sequence `[1, 2,
3, 4]`. By default, `range` takes a step count of 1. If we supply a third number to `range`, then
that becomes the step count. For example, `range(1,5,2)` gives `[1,3]`. Remember that the range
extends *up to* the second number i.e. it does *not* include the second number.

Note that `range()` generates a sequence of numbers all at once, so this is safe to use only for
small ranges. If you want a long range but generated only one number at a time, then use
`xrange()`. Lists are explained in the <<data_structures,data structures chapter>>.

The `for` loop then iterates over this range - `for i in range(1,5)` is equivalent to `for i in [1,
2, 3, 4]` which is like assigning each number (or object) in the sequence to i, one at a time, and
then executing the block of statements for each value of `i`.  In this case, we just print the
value in the block of statements.

Remember that the `else` part is optional. When included, it is always executed once after the
`for` loop is over unless a <<the_break_statement,break>> statement is encountered.

Remember that the `for..in` loop works for any sequence. Here, we have a list of numbers generated
by the built-in `range` function, but in general we can use any kind of sequence of any kind of
objects! We will explore this idea in detail in later chapters.

.Note for C/C++/Java/C# Programmers
[NOTE]
--
The Python `for` loop is radically different from the C/C++ `for` loop. C# programmers will note
that the `for` loop in Python is similar to the `foreach` loop in C#. Java programmers will note
that the same is similar to `for (int i : IntArray)` in Java 1.5.

In C/C++, if you want to write `for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)`, then in Python you write just `for i
in range(0,5)`. As you can see, the `for` loop is simpler, more expressive and less error prone in
Python.
--

[[the_break_statement]]
=== The break Statement

The `break` statement is used to *break* out of a loop statement i.e. stop the execution of a
looping statement, even if the loop condition has not become `False` or the sequence of items has
not been completely iterated over.

An important note is that if you *break* out of a `for` or `while` loop, any corresponding loop
`else` block is **not** executed.

Example (save as `break.py`):

[source,python]
--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/break.py[]
--------------------------------------------------

Output:

--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/break.txt[]
--------------------------------------------------

.How It Works

In this program, we repeatedly take the user's input and print the length of each input each
time. We are providing a special condition to stop the program by checking if the user input is
`'quit'`. We stop the program by *breaking* out of the loop and reach the end of the program.

The length of the input string can be found out using the built-in `len` function.

Remember that the `break` statement can be used with the `for` loop as well.

.Swaroop's Poetic Python
**************************************************
The input I have used here is a mini poem I have written:

[verse]
Programming is fun
When the work is done
if you wanna make your work also fun:
    use Python!
**************************************************

[[the_continue_statement]]
=== The +continue+ Statement

The `continue` statement is used to tell Python to skip the rest of the statements in the current
loop block and to *continue* to the next iteration of the loop.

Example (save as `continue.py`):

[source,python]
--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/continue.py[]
--------------------------------------------------

Output:

--------------------------------------------------
include::programs/continue.txt[]
--------------------------------------------------

.How It Works

In this program, we accept input from the user, but we process the input string only if it is at
least 3 characters long. So, we use the built-in `len` function to get the length and if the length
is less than 3, we skip the rest of the statements in the block by using the `continue`
statement. Otherwise, the rest of the statements in the loop are executed, doing any kind of
processing we want to do here.

Note that the `continue` statement works with the `for` loop as well.

=== Summary

We have seen how to use the three control flow statements - `if`, `while` and `for` along with
their associated `break` and `continue` statements. These are some of the most commonly used parts
of Python and hence, becoming comfortable with them is essential.

Next, we will see how to create and use functions.
